某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语，其中最常用的动词有agree， afford， arrange， appear， ask， attempt， care， choose， continue， decide， demand， desire， determine， expect， fail， fear， forget， hate， hesitate， hope， intend， learn， like， love， manage， mean， neglect， offer， plan， prefer， prepare， pretend， promise， refuse， regret， remember， seek， tend， try， volunteer， want， wish等。

What do you plan to do tomorrow?

She hated to move from such a nice village.

In class teachers should try to get feedback from their students

2. 不定式的被动式

不定式有被动式，当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语，定语，状语，复合宾语等。作定语时，通常表示在谓语动作后将要发生的动作。

The last question to be discussed today is how to do the job more efficiently.

She preferred to be given more difficult work to do.

3. 不定式的完成式

当不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成式，在句中可作宾语，状语以及构成复合宾语，复合谓语。

She seemed to have heard about the news already.

He was believed to have been a very rich man.

4. 不定式的完成被动式

当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，且不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语或构成复合宾语，复合谓语。

The forest fire is reported to have been put out last night.

It is supposed to have been finished without referring to any reference books.

5. 带逻辑主语的不定式短语

不定式可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为“for +代词的宾格(或名词) +不定式”。 带逻辑主语的不定式短语可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。

It is not easy for you to catch up with them in a short time.

I think it better for you to see the doctor.

What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.

I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is like.

6. 带疑问词的不定式短语

不定式前可以加某些疑问代词，如who、what、which，或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，构成一种特殊的不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。

How to improve English is often discussed among the students.

We haven’t decided when to visit the place.

The most difficult thing in learning English is how to speak the language well.

You haven’t answered my question where to get these books.

7. 某些动词后的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to，这些动词是feel， have， hear， let， make， notice， see， watch等。

Suddenly I felt the atmosphere in the room become tense.

I often hear them sing this song.

1.先行词为all， anything， something， nothing， everything， much， little， none等不定代词时，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。在大多数情况下that可以省略.

Please tell me everything (that) you know about the matter.

That’s all (that) we can do at the moment.

2.as引出的限制性定语从句

在such … as的结构中as可作关系代词，引出限制性定语从句。有时和same连用，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语等。

Such people as were recommended by him were reliable.

I’ve never seen such a talented young man as he is.

I have the same trouble as you (have)。

3.as引出的非限制性定语从句

as可作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句，通常译为“(正)如…一样”，“(正)象…一样”等。as引导的从句一般用逗号与主句隔开，可以位于主句的前面、中间或后面.

I live a long way from work， as you know.

She did not， as her friend had feared， break down.

As is generally accepted， economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.

4.分隔式定语从句

定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但有时会被其他句子成分与先行词隔开，从而构成分隔式定语从句。

The days are gone when power politics worked.

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you French.

5.介词+关系代词(which/whom等)引出的定语从句

如果关系代词(which/whom等)在定语从句中作介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成“介词+关系代词(which/whom等)+定语从句”。在这种结构中关系代词不可以用that。

This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.

The four travelers with whom I shared the room were pleasant people.

6.关系代词在限制性定语从句中常可以省略，一般有以下几种情况：

1) 关系代词在从句中作直接宾语时，在大多数情况下可以省略。

This is something (that) you must always keep in mind.

The man (whom) you just met is our manager.

关系代词作介词宾语时，介词位于句尾时关系代词可以省略;介词位于关系代词之前时则关系代词不能省略。

This is the room (which) Churchill was born in.

This is the room in which Churchill was born.(which不可省略)

2) 关系代词作主语时一般不能省略，但如果关系代词在由there … be存在句构成的定语从句中作主语时常可省略。

This is the only book (that) there is on this subject.

The old professor made full use of the time (that) there was left to him to continue his research.

3) 在way后面的定语从句中in which或that通常省略。

That’s the way (that/in which) I look at it.

I don’t like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.

7.非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句修饰先行词或整个主句，起补充说明的作用，如果省略掉，原句句意仍保持完整。非限制性定语从句要用逗号与主句隔开，其引导词不能用that。非限制性定语从句属于正式语体。经常考到的非限制性定语从句有以下三种。

1)由which、as引导的非限制性定语从句。which、as代表整个主句。

He said that he had never seen her before， which was not true.

China is still a developing country， which is known to all of us.

2)由 “介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。

He sent her a letter， in which he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.

He failed to pass the exam， because of which his parents scolded him.

4) 由 “数词、代词或名词+of +关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。

He had three sons， one of whom was my son’s classmate.

There are about twenty students in this course， most of whom are freshmen.

They are two different words， the spellings of which are easily confused.

Ⅱ 状语从句

状语从句中以下四种从句考得较多，这里给予简单介绍。

1) 时间状语从句

时间状语从句主要由以下连词引导：when， whenever， as， while， since， until， till， before， after， as soon as， once， hardly (scarcely) … when， no sooner … than。

I will discuss the matter with you when we meet tomorrow.

He didn’t go to sleep until he finished doing his homework.

You have changed a lot since we met last time.

时间状语从句还可由某些可充当连词的名词(the moment， the instant， every time，等)和副词(instantly， directly等)引导：

I will tell you the news the instant I know.

Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet.

Note：

①before除了可表示 “在…之前”外，还可用来强调主句所表达的时间、距离很长或花费的力量相比较大，可译为“…才”。(“not … before” 可用来强调主句所表达的时间、距离很短或花费的力量相比较小，可译为“…就”)。

It was a long time before I got to sleep again.

They had not been married a month before they quarreled.

②如果位于when引导的分句之前的主句使用过去进行时、过去完成时或“was/were about to， was/were on the point of”等结构时，when表示突然发生某事，可译为“正在…突然”或“刚…就”等。这时，不能够用as或while来代替when。

I was walking on the street when I ran into my old friend John.

She had just fallen asleep when the telephone rang.

We were about to leave when it began to rain.

2) 条件状语从句

条件状语从句主要由以下连词引导：if， unless， providing/provided (that)， suppose/supposing (that)， on condition (that)， as/so long as， in case等。

So long as you work hard， you will surely achieve good results in examinations.

I shall return next Thursday unless something unexpected happens.

I will go provided that you go with me.

Please give this letter to John in case he comes.

3) 让步状语从句

让步状语从句主要由以下连词引导：though， although， even if， even though， whatever， however， whoever， wherever， no matter how/ what/ where/ when等。以下介绍几种较特殊的让步状语从句。

(1)while引导的让步状语从句多放在句首，while相当于although，表示“尽管”，“虽然”。

While I admit I did it， I didn’t intend to.

While I understand what you say， I can’t agree with you.

(2)短语“even now/then/so”相当于“though it is/was true”，表示“尽管如此”，“尽管这样”。

The fire was out， but even so， the smell of smoke was strong.

I’ve tried my best， but even now/then she is not satisfied.

(3) as引导的让步状语从句要倒装。

Child as he was， he could speak four languages.

Hard as she tried， she failed to get the job.

4) 比较状语从句

比较状语从句主要由以下连词引导：(not) as … as， (not) the same as， (not) such … as， not so … as， than， the + 比较级…， the +比较级…等。

We have had a lot more rainfall this year than we had last year.

She can speak English as fluently as her teacher (can)。

Ⅲ 宾语从句

1) 及物动词后的宾语从句

有些动词的宾语从句前还可有一个间接宾语。

I remember that we have learned this word before.

I don’t understand what you have said.

She asked the teacher how she could learn English well.

2) 介词的宾语从句

It depends on whether you want to do it or not

There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.

Note： 在介词in后面跟that引导的宾语从句中，in that可看成是一个固定的搭配，表示“因为”或“在…方面”。

The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal means.

A turtle differs from all other reptiles in that it has its body encased in a protective shell of its own.

现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在时间和语态上。现在分词表示正在进行的动作并表示主动的意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作并表示被动的意义。比较：

a changing world(一个变化着的世界);a changed world( 一个已经起变化的世界)

surprising news(令人惊讶的消息);surprised people(感到惊讶的人们)

2. 分词作状语

作状语时，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步和伴随情况等。另外，作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。

Hearing the news， he heaved a sigh of relief.

Given another chance， I’ll do it much better.

3. 分词作定语

分词常用来修饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前;分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后。但有些单个的过去分词作定语时，也可放在被修饰词之后。

He’s a spoilt child.

The man standing over there is our new English teacher.

Where are we to get the material needed?

4. 分词作宾语补足语

分词可在感觉动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语。常用的感觉动词主要有：see， hear， notice， watch， find， observe， smell等。常用的使役动词主要有：get， have， keep， leave， set， make， let等。此外，分词还可在want， like， wish， order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词后作宾语补足语。

She watched her baby sleeping.

I got my hair cut.

I don’t want you worrying about me.

5. 分词与连词的连用

分词可与各种连词(如：when， while， once， until， if， unless， though， although， even if， as， as if， as though等)连用。连词+分词(短语)的结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。

She’ll get nervous when speaking in public.

He went on talking， though continually interrupted.

6. 分词的独立结构

分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致;否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首，作伴随状语以及在科技文章中表示附加说明时，它常位于句末。分词的独立结构由名词、代词+分词构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。

Weather permitting， the football match will be played on Wednesday.

Her son having been sent to school， she began to do some shopping.

He returned three days later， his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.

There were two parties yesterday evening， each attended by some students.

某些及物动词后能用动名词而不能用不定式作宾语，其中最常用动词的有admit， avoid， appreciate， complete， consider， delay， deny， dislike， enjoy， escape， excuse， fancy， finish， forgive， involve， imagine， can’t help， mind， miss， postpone， practise， prevent， quit， resent， risk， resist， suggest等。

She suggested spending another day in the mountain area.

There’s no way to escape doing the work.

She is considering asking her employer for a rise.

Note：

① 在need、want、require、deserve等动词后的动名词相当于不定式的被动式

The clock needs/wants repairing. (=The clock needs/wants to be repaired)

The disabled deserve respecting. (=The disabled deserve to be respected.)

② 在like、hate、prefer等动词后，如果表示一般倾向，则用动名词作宾语;如果指具体的某次发生在将来的行动，则要用不定式。

I like reading books of this kind， but I don’t like to read that book.

She prefers walking to cycling.

I prefer to stay at home today.

③ 在remember、forget、regret等动词后，如果用动名词作宾语，则表示该宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之前;如果用不定式作宾语，则表示宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之后

I remembered locking the door. (=I remembered that I had locked the door.)

I remembered to lock the door (=I remembered that I was to lock the door.)

I regret telling you about it. (=I regret that I told you about it.)

I regret to tell you he has fallen ill. (=I regret that I am to tell you he has fallen ill.)

2. 动名词作介词的宾语

动名词可作介词的宾语，与介词一起构成介词短语，在句中作定语、状语或表语。

His dream of becoming a successful writer has come true.

She left without saying goodbye to us.

动名词作介词的宾语常用在某些词组后面。这类常用的词组主要有：be accustomed to， believe in， confess to， dream of， feel like， give up， insist on， be interested in， look forward to， object to， have an (no) objection to， pay attention to， put off， be responsible for， succeed in， be tired of， be (get) used to， worry about，等。

He is used to living on his own.

He has made up his mind to give up smoking.

3. 带逻辑主语的动名词

动名词可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为“名词或代词的所有格+动名词”。带逻辑主语的动名词又称为动名词的复合结构，在句中用作主语，宾语，表语和介词的宾语。在非正式语体中，如果动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语，也可以宾格来充当动名词的逻辑主语。但考生需注意的是，在各种英语测试中，专家们仍坚持在正式语体中用代词的所有格来作动名词的逻辑主语。

Your driving a car to New York took longer than I expected.

I appreciated her devoting herself to the cause of education.

Your mother will be astonished at your coming home so late.

What we felt uneasy about was Li Ming’s having too much confidence in himself.

1) 什么是“语态变换”?

2) 英语语态与英语词性的关系?

3) 与汉语相比，英语语态的特点是什么?

1.“语态变换”是指翻译中英语和汉语两种语言之间主动与被动的转换。译文里的语态并不一定完全遵循原文里的语态，要根据情况作恰当选择。

2.英语语态与英语词性有密切的联系。

我们甚至可以直接通过一个词来判断它具有主动含义还是被动含义。如有些名词的后缀常具有主动语态意义。最常见的有 -ar，-or，-er，这样的单词有beggar(乞丐)，liar(惯于说谎者)，instructor(指导者)，professor(教授)， worker(工人)，writer(作者)。另一些名词后缀如-ee却具有被动意义，这样的单词有examinee(受审查者，被测试者)， interviewee(被访问者)，employee(被雇佣者)。除名词外，英语定冠词“the”与过去分词构成的名词常指承受者，如：the oppressed(受压迫者)，the accused(被告)，the wounded(受伤者)。由-ing分词转化来的形容常带有主动意义，而由及物-ed分词转化来的形容词则常带有被动意义。如interesting film(令人感兴趣的电影)，disappointing look(失望的表情)。有些由介词、名词和介词构成的介词短语常表达主动意义，如：in place of(替代)，in need of(需要)，in want of(需要)，in possession of(拥有)，in charge of(负责)，in control of(控制)。但由介词、定冠词the、名词和介词构成的介词短语常表达被动意义，如：at the mercy of(受……摆布)，in the care of(由……照料)，in the charge of(由……负责)，in the possession of(由……拥有)，in the pay of(由……雇用的)。

3.与汉语相比，英语中被动语态使用范围非常广。被动语态多用于以下场合。

1)不清楚动作的执行者是谁。

例1 The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday.(单纯地描述一个事实，即：窗户碎了。但是，“窗户被谁打碎了?”说话人并不知道)

2)说话人对宾语的兴趣大于对主语的兴趣。

例2 The books are written especially for children.(说话人关心的只是;这本书是特别为孩子们准备的。目的达到就行，书的作者是谁不用管他)

3)不愿意说出动作的执行者，目的是为了使语言更加圆滑、得体。

例3 It’s generally considered impolite to ask one’s age，salary，marriage，etc.(这句话的潜语境是，有人不识时宜地询问别人的年龄、收入和婚姻状况等，而这是非常不礼貌的。本句的说话者为了避免交际陷入尴尬刻意略去了主语，而选择了“It”作形式主语)

4)出于修饰的原因，或使句子安排更加合理。

例4 The professor came to our school and warmly welcomed by the teachers and students.(句子的后半句用被动式就可以只安排一个主语“the professor”。)

汉语虽然也有“被”、“由”之类的词表示动作是被动的，但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见。因此，很多英语被动句在翻译时就被译成了汉语的主动句。反之，很多汉语的主动句在译成英文时会变成英语被动态。

A. impact B. academic C. insult D. alternative

2.Please _______ me for my rudeness. I really do not know the custom here.

A. engage B. comfort C. execute D. forgive

3.Water and air are _______ to human beings. We can not live without them.

A. harbour B. function C. definite D. essential

4.When the airplane takes off, the passengers are told to _______ their seat belts.

A. fountain B. fix C. tight D. fasten

5.This is not what we asked you to do. You can not get more pay for the _______ work.

A. owing B. device C. tired D. extra

6.My throat is _______. I cannot speak any more.

A. sore B. purchase C. glow D. faint

7.Many years ago, a lot of factories were _______ from big cities to the mountainous areas in case of war.

A. transferred B. transformed C. transmitted D. transported

8.He said in his letter that he would _______ some photographs but I couldn’t find anything in the envelope.

A. case B. double C. enclose D. nonsense

9.Many English words are _______ from Latin.

A. displayed B. spread C. lost D. derived

10.I feel _______ to say that I can not believe what he said.

A. wanted B. observed C. obliged D. wandered

1.C 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.D 6.A 7.A 8.C 9.D 10.D

A. express B. explode C. ecploit D. expose

2.This newspaper often _______ the government’s opinion, not the public opinion

A. affects B. reacts C. reflects D. recognizes

3.Although in great danger, the wounded still did not want to _______ from the front.

A. feedback B. backward C. withdraw D. departure

4.This movie has a _______ ending. You can not imagine who will be killed finally.

A. dramatic B. original C. considerable D. temple

5.During the graduation _______, the president gave a wonderful opening speech.

A. evolution B. sign C. individual D. ceremony

6.The dog _______ the rabbit but could not catch it.

A. ceased B. chained C. checked D. chased

7.If your letter is over weight, you must pay for the _______.

A. excess B. exceed C. checked D. chased

8.In the class the teacher asked the students to _______ their bad habits.

A. weaken B. omit C. overcome D. overtake

9.When you study in the United States, usually you have to buy your own health _______.

A. insurance B. expense C. evidence D. payment

10.Chocolate and ice-cream have different _______.

A. favour B. favourites C. fever D. flavours

1.D 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.A 10.D

A. merit B. stream C. enjoyment D. medium

2.During the eight years war, many people _______ their blood for their country.

A. shed B. tempted C. reserved D. devoted

3.You have greatly _______us. What you have done is not what you told us about several weeks ago.

A. disappointed B. deserted C. clarified D. opposed

4.Before you begin writing your paper, please write ——__________ first. Then we can have a better idea about what you are going to talk about.

A. an origin B. a detail C. an example D. an outline

5.If you ask why I plan to study in the United States, the only answer is that it is a _______ for me .

A. chapter B. ceremony C. chamber D challenge

6.A _______ political and economic situation is very important for the development of any country.

A. stain B. stable C. peaceful D. pink

7.The financial support is decided not only according to your GRE score, but also according to your _______ in college.

A. performance B. policy C. smart D. statement

8.The World Trade Center is often called a _______ Building, because it is made up of two identical buildings.

A. Alike B.Folk C.Twin D.Former

9.It is impossible for us to _______ such a difficult task within the limited time.

A. fuel B. frown C. fulfill D. frost

10.Please do not _______ when somebody else is talking.

A. intend B. interpret C. interupt D. invest

1.D 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.D 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.C 10.C