四六级考试网

　　Never to offend anyone is my principle. 永远不得罪任何人就是我的原则。

　　It’s against nature to remain single. 保持单身是违反自然的。

　　To see is to believe. ??眼见为实。

　　For a dog to die like that is a terrible thing. = It is a terrible thing for a dog to die like that.

　　一条狗象那样死去是一件可怕的事。(for a dog是不定式的主语)

　　For one to know everything is impossible.= It’s impossible for one to know everything.

　　一个人什么都知道是不可能的。

　　For his brother John to go to sea seems natural.= It seems natural for his brother John to go to sea. 他兄弟John去当水手是很自然的事。

　　It’ll be a great shame for you to forget her. 你要是把她忘了，那可太不应该了。

　　It’s not proper for us not to accept the invitation. 我们不接受邀请不合适。(否定)

　　It has not yet been decided when and where to discuss her resignation. 何时何地讨论她的辞职还没定。

　　但是，下列形容词做表语时，不定式的逻辑主语由 of 引出：

　　careless粗心的，clever聪明的，cruel残忍的，foolish愚蠢的，good好的，kind好心的 ，naughty淘气的，nice好的，polite礼貌的，right正确的，rude无礼的 ，silly愚蠢的，stupid傻的，unwise不明智的，wise明智的，wrong错误的，等等。

　　为什么这些词要用 of 引出不定式呢?

　　因为这些形容词都是描写人的性格和特点的形容词。“It is + 形容词 +of sb + to do sth”这样的句型更强调某人如何如何，可以改写为：“Sb + be + 形容词 + to do sth.” 而“for sb to do sth”这一结构更强调做某事如何如何。例如：

　　1、 It is difficult for me to learn English. 更强调学英语很难，不能写成

　　?? I am difficult to learn English. (这句话含有逻辑错误。)

　　2、 It is unwise of you to go to the United States at this time. =You are unwise to go to the United States at this time. 强调你不明智。

　　It’s very kind of you to come to see us off. =You’re kind to come to see us off. 你来为我们送行太好了。

　　It’s unwise of him to drink and smoke so much.=He is unwise to drink and smoke so much. 他喝这么多酒、抽这么多烟是不明智的。

　　It’s extremely cruel of John to kill animals. John杀害动物真是残忍之极。

　　It’s rude/polite of Jack to say this to her. ?Jack对她说这个，很无礼/礼貌。

　　(二)作宾语及宾语补语。

　　1、有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。常见的这类动词有：afford负担得起，agree同意，arrange安排，ask要求，attempt试图，beg乞求，begin开始，choose选择，claim声称，consent同意，dare敢，decide决定，decline谢绝，desire欲想，demand要求，determine决心，expect期待，fail失败，forget忘记，hate讨厌，help帮助，hope希望，intend打算，learn学习，like喜欢，long渴望，manage设法，mean打算，need需要，offer主动提出，plan计划，prefer更喜欢，prepare准备，pretend假装，promise答应，refuse拒绝，remember记得，seek寻求，seem好像，tend倾向，threaten威胁，undertake承担，volunteer志愿，want想要，wish希望等。

　　I agreed to support him. 我答应支持他。

　　He said he wanted to be a professor. 他说他想当教授。

　　My daughter preferred to have eggs and milk for breakfast when she was in her twenties.

　　我女儿二十几岁时早饭喜欢吃鸡蛋和牛奶。

　　2、不定式可以和how, which, what, who, whom, whose, when, where还有whether等词连用作宾语。常跟这种结构作宾语的动词有：ask询问，advise建议，consider考虑，decide决定，discover发现，discuss讨论，explain解释，find out查明，forget忘记，inquire打听，know知道，learn学会，remember记得，show演示，tell告诉，teach教，think想，understand懂得，wonder想知道，等等。例如：

　　I don’t know where to get so much money. 我不知道去哪里搞这么多钱。

　　They haven’t decided whether to leave or stay. 他们还没决定是走还是留。

　　七、非谓语动词

　　Hello, everyone. 请看下面的翻译练习：

　　1、我喜欢做饭。“ I like cooking. ”

　　本句中，“like”(喜欢)是谓语。“cooking”(做饭)是宾语，用动名词形式。又如：“ He likes cooking. ”在英语中。谓语动词经常随着主语的人称、数而变化，但动名词作宾语时是不变的。

　　2、对我来说，学英语不容易。“ It’ s not easy for me to learn English.”

　　3、从太空看，地球是个蓝色的球体。 “Seen from the space, the earth is a blue sphere.”

　　请比较这些句子的中英文。在这几个汉语句子中，做饭、学英语、从太空看分别作句子的宾语、主语和状语，但是其动词形式“做”、“学”、“看”没有变化。而在这几句英语中，“做饭”变成了cooking, “学”变成了to learn，“看”变成了seen. 动词形式发生了变化，而且必须发生变化，因为这些句子有另外的谓语动词。因此这些动词叫做“非谓语动词”，又叫“非限定性动词”,他们没有人称和数的变化。这是英汉动词的巨大差别，也是中国人学英语的一个难点，同时也是在使用英语时容易犯错误的地方。需要特别注意的是：英语的单句一般只有而且必须有一个主谓结构，即一个谓语，如果单句中出现了另外的动词，这些动词就要改变形式。

　　以上英语句子中cooking, to learn, seen 等具有动词特征，但是在句子中不能作谓语的动词形式，就叫动词的非谓语形式，也叫非谓语动词。

　　我们再比较 “I like cooking.” 与 “He likes cooking.”这两句话主语不同，谓语动词like形式变了，但意义没有变化。而cooking 没有任何变化。再看 “It is not easy for me to learn English.” 和 “It is not easy for him to learn English.” “对我”for me, “对他”for him之后的 “to learn”没有任何变化。可以看出，非谓语动词是不随人称和数的变化而变化的，它们不受人称和数的限定，所以又叫“非限定动词”。

　　动词在句子中除了充当谓语外，还可以起名词、形容词或副词的作用，在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。这就是动词的非谓语形式。当句子中需要用某种动作作主语、宾语或作某种修饰、说明的成分时，就要使用这种形式。

　　动词的非谓语形式有三种：

　　(1)动词不定式：to study (to + 动词原形)

　　(2)分词：studying (现在分词)、studied (过去分词)

　　(3)动名词：studying (形式与现在分词相同)

　　动词非谓语形式仍具有动词的一般特征，可以带有宾语、状语等构成短语。

　　动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化(以write为例)：

形态	主动	被动
动词不定式	一般	To write	To be written
	进行	To be writing
	完成	To have written	To have been written
	完成进行	To have been writing
现在分词和动名词	一般	Writing	Being written
	完成	Having written	Having been written
	一般		written

　　一、 动词不定式

　　其形式是“to+动词原形”。 to是不定式符号，无词义。其否定式是在to前面加上not, never等否定词。 不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，由for引出，加在不定式短语前面。

　　如果不定式的逻辑主语是表示不定式动作的承受者，则不定式用被动语态。所谓逻辑主语，就是指非谓语动词等动作的执行者。由于非谓语动词等带有动词的特征，但又不是谓语动词，所以这个动作的执行者就不能称为主语，而在逻辑上又是这个动作的执行者，所以就称为逻辑主语。

　　如果不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，这个不定式一般要用被动语态。疑问词(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how还包括whether)等后面加不定式构成不定式短语，可做主语，表语，宾语等。

　　(一)作主语。 在不定式短语作主语的句子中，往往用 it 作形式主语，而不把不定式短语放在句子的后面。如：

　　To die like that is a terrible thing.=It is a terrible thing to die like that.

　　象那样死去是一件可怕的事。( it 作形式主语，把真正的主语to die like that放在后面)

　　To know oneself is difficult.=It’s difficult to know oneself.

　　有自知之明不容易。

　　To tell a lie is not always easy.= It’s not always easy to tell a lie.

　　撒谎并非总是容易。

　　Now let’s do some exercises to consolidate what we have learned about subjunctive mood:

　　一、单项选择：

　　1. The teacher demanded that the exam ___before eleven.

　　a. must finish b. would be finished c. be finished d. must be finished

　　2. She made the demand that she ____ at once.

　　a. leave b. leaves c. left d. to be left

　　3. He is talking so much about America as if he ____ there.

　　a. had been b. has been c. was d. been cn

　　4. Mother insisted that the child’s hands ___ before dinner.

　　a. should wash b. be washed c. would wash d. had washed

　　5. The young man insisted that he ___ nothing wrong and ____ free.

　　a. did; set b. had done; should be set c. do; be set d. had done; must be set

　　6. Mother suggested that I ___ my homework first before watching TV.

　　a. did b. do c. shall do d. have done

　　7. My suggestion was that the meeting ____ off till next week.

　　a. to put b. be put c. should put d. be putting

　　8. The suggestion has been made ___the basketball game ___ put off.

　　a. for; to b. that; be c. which; should be d. to; being

　　9. The commander ordered that the wounded ___ to hospital right away.

　　a. to be sent b. be sent c. send d. should send

　　10. The order came that the medical suppliers ____ to the village without delay.

　　a. would be sent b. should send c. be sent d. must be sent

　　11. They requested that he ____ on the radio

　　a. spoke b. speaks c. speak d. would speak

　　12. It is important that we ___ wild animals.

　　a. will protect b. should protect c. shall protect d. are protecting

　　13. It is necessary that the problem ____ at once.

　　a. solves b. should solve c. should be solved d. will be solved

　　14. It is strange that he ____ interest in much of his research.

　　a. should have lost b. would lose c. had lost d. will lose

　　15. Had you listened to the doctor, you ___ all right now.

　　a. are b. were c. would be d. would have been

　　16. ___ I be free tomorrow, I could go with you.

　　a. Could b. Should c. Might d. Must

　　17. ___ to do the work, I should do it some other way.

　　a. If were I B. I were c. Were I d. Was I

　　18. ___ today, he would get there by Friday.

　　a. Would he leave b. Was he leaving c. Were he to leave d. If he leave

　　19. ____ your letter, I would have written back two days ago.

　　a. If I received b. Should I receive c. Had I received d. If I could have received

　　20. ____, he would have passed the exam.

　　a. If he were to study b. If he studied hard

　　c. Had he studied hard d. Should he study hard

　　21. Should it rain, the crops ___.

　　a. would be saved b. would have been saved c. will be saved d. had been saved

　　22. You ___ earlier. The bus left a moment ago.

　　a. would come b. should have come c. may come d. have come

　　23. He treated me as though ___ his own son.

　　a. I am b. I would be c. I was d. I were

　　24. He smiled as if he ____ my thought.

　　a. read b. was reading c. had read d. has read

　　25. I ____ you some money, but I hadn’t any on me then.

　　a. would lend b. would have lent c. could lend d. may have lent

　　26. He talks as if he ____.

　　a. knows all about it b. has known all about it c. knew all about it d. knowing all about it

　　27. “Have you ever been to Beijing?” “No, but I wish I ___.”

　　a. have b. will c. do d. had

　　28. Where is Xiao Zhang? I wish I ____ him at once.

　　a. can find b. will find c. could find d. could have found

　　29. I wish I ___ there then.

　　a. was b. were c. had been d. would be

　　30. It is time we ___ to bed.

　　a. must go b. will go c. went d. have gone

　　31. If I ____ you, I would try again.

　　a. am b. was c. were d. be

　　32. _____, all the students would hear.

　　a. If the teacher had spoken louder b. If the teacher will speak louder

　　c. Had the teacher spoken louder d. If the teacher spoke louder

　　33. What should we do if it ____ tomorrow?

　　a. should snow b. would snow c. snow d. will snow

　　34. If you _____ 5 minutes earlier, you _____ him.

　　a. should come; had seen b. came; would see

　　c. come; will see ?d. had come; would have seen

　　35. If only I ____ my watch.

　　a. hadn’t lost b. haven’t lost c. didn’t lose d. don’t lose

　　36. You _____ such a serious mistake if you had followed his advice.

　　a. may not make b. might have not made

　　c. shouldn’t have made d. might not have made

　　37. He ____ the test, but he wasn’t careful enough.

　　a. could have passed b. were able to pass c. must have passed d. might be able to pass

　　38. We ____ the work on time without your help.

　　a. hadn’t finished b. didn’t have finished c. couldn’t have finished d. can’t have finished

　　39. If you ____ at school, you _____ a college student now.

　　a. had studied hard; would have been b. should have studied hard; should have been

　　c. had studied hard; would be d. would study hard; must have been

　　40. If only I ____ as young as you are!

　　a. being b. am c. be d. were

　　7. 在表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词，如arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest, beg, move(提议)后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should + 动词原形，should 可以省略，而引导宾语从句的that 不能省略。例如：

　　We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.

　　We insisted that they (should) go with us.

　　The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.

　　He demanded that we (should) start right away.

　　The commander ordered that the bridge (should) be bombed.

　　The villagers requested that the old building not be pulled down.

　　Now let’s do some translation:

　　总经理坚持该项目必须按计划执行。

　　The general manager insisted that the project be carried out as planned.

　　省长请求再给他一次机会。

　　The governor requested that he be given another chance.

　　美国要求伊朗必须无条件放弃其核武器计划。

　　The United States demanded that Iran should unconditionally give up its nuclear weapon program (program to develop nuclear weapons)

　　最高法院裁定此案必须重新审理。

　　The Supreme Court ruled that this case be retried.

　　医生建议，即使在节假日人们也不应该熬夜。

　　Doctors suggest that people should not stay up late even on holidays.

　　注意：suggest 表示“暗示”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。Insist后面强调的是事实时，宾语从句也不用虚拟语气。如：

　　The neighbor suggested that his wife was having an affair.

　　He insisted that he was right.

　　Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.

　　8、使用上述表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词派生的名词，或在这些动词用作名词时，名词之后的从句用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形，should 可以省略。从句的引导词that 不能省略。这与上述第7项类似。如：

　　He made a request that he (should) be allowed to take 3 days off. = He requested that he be allowed to take 3 days off.

　　Our suggestion is that education not be industrialized. = We suggest that education not be industrialized.

　　The president’s decision is that the war against terrorism be launched at the right time. =The president decided that the war against terrorism be launched at the right time.

　　9、上述动词在It is suggested that…, It is required that…, It’s requested that…, It’s ordered that…, It’s arranged that…句型中，that 之后的从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用should+动词原形, should 可以省略，但引导词that 不能省略。如：

　　It was suggested that he attend the conference.

　　It was requested that the trial be openly reported.

　　10、在It’s important (imperative, necessary, essential, vital, desirable, advisable, better) that…句型中，that 引导的从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。这个句型表示说话人的意见、要求等。

　　For example:

　　It is essential that there should be enough food and clothing for the winter.

　　It is desirable that your wedding be postponed until next July.

　　It is imperative that the board chairman be present at the board meeting.

　　另外，在一些习惯用语中也有虚拟语气的形式。但最好把这些习惯用语作为一种句型来记住。如：

　　May you be happy!

　　May you succeed!

　　Long live the People’s Republic of China!

　　Everybody leave the room!

　　You had better not resign.

　　I would rather not tell you.

　　总之，虚拟语气是英语中的一个难点，因为虚拟语气的用法和句型较多，动词的变化比较复杂。在学习的时候要逐个过关。同时，也要善于发现虚拟语气的规律。根据动词的变化，大致可以把虚拟语气分为三种：

　　一种是动词用过去式，过去分词式，或过去将来式，这主要是用if…, wish, suppose的情况;

　　一种是动词用should+动词原形(should可以省略)，这主要用于表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词或名词后面所接的从句，以及It is important (necessary) that…后面所接的从句;

　　一种是动词用过去式，如It is (high) time (that)…和I would rather 后面的从句。同学们还可以自己总结适合自己的规律，如把虚拟语气句型可以分为用于简单句、条件状语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、定语从句、同位语从句等。

　　I wish it were autumn in Beijing all the year round.

　　要是你能同我们一起过寒假就好了。

　　We wish you would spend the winter vacation with us.

　　我要是没有买这辆车就好了。

　　I wish I had not bought this car.

　　Now, it’s time for you to make three wishes about your present, future, and past..

　　I wish I were twenty years younger.

　　I wish I could work for an NGO.

　　I wish I had studied law in college.

　　注意：wish 与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。Wish表示很难或不大可能实现的愿望，宾语从句用虚拟语气。请比较：

　　We hope we will succeed. (We don’t know if we will succeed.)

　　We wish we would succeed. (We know we can hardly succeed.)

　　2、用在as if/as though,或even if/even though引导的从句中: 这时，如果从句中表示的动作发生在过去，则谓语动词用had+过去分词形式;如果指的时现在的状况，则用过去式(be用were);指将来则用would(should, could)+动词原形。这里只看从句动作发生的时间，与主句的时态没有关系。

　　For example:

　　Some metals look at first sight as though they were gold.

　　He looked as if he were an artist.

　　He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in the U.S.

　　He always sounds as if he would help you.

　　When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken.

　　Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem.

　　看她的样子，好像生病了。

　　She looks as if/though she were ill.

　　他走起路来就好像他是国王。

　　He walks as if he were a king.

　　他表现得若无其事。

　　He acted as if nothing had happened.

　　即使天塌下来，他也不会辞职。

　　He would not resign even if the heaven should collapse.

　　3、在It is (high) time (that)…句型中，后面的从句的谓语动词常用过去式(be的过去式用were), 或用should+动词原形(should 不能省略)来表示。这句话的意思是“(现在)该…”。For example:

　　It is time we left/should leave.

　　It is high time that you got married.

　　It is time that I bought a car.

　　Now it is time that you made some sentences by using this pattern. Think about what you should do now.

　　该你用这个句型造几个句子了。

　　It is high time that I should lose some weight.

　　It is time that I bought an apartment.

　　It is time that we took a rest.

　　4、在 I would rather (that)…句型中，后面的从句的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were)。这句话的意思是“我宁可…”，表示说话人的意愿。

　　For example:

　　I’d rather I were in the rain now.

　　I’d rather you did not tell him.

　　5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中，从句的谓语动词变化与as if后面的动词变化规律相同，用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。意思是“假如…”，但suppose 是动词，不是连词。如：

　　Suppose the boss walked in. What should I do?

　　Suppose Saddam had not been captured. What would the U.S. do?

　　Suppose Chen Shui-bian should declare Taiwan independent. What would China do?

　　6、用在for fear that或lest引导的从句中，表示“怕…”“万一…”等意思。从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形，should 可以省略。如：

　　She closed the windows for fear that she (should) catch cold.

　　The officer forbade the use of artillery lest the city’s industry be damaged.

　　Lest the wall should collapse, they evacuated from the building.

　　I should have written the letter earlier. But I have been very busy.

　　要能登上珠穆朗玛峰，那经历该多棒!

　　It would be a fantastic experience to climb up to Mount Everest.

　　6、虚拟语气省略条件从句或主句

　　表示虚拟语气的条件句的主句或从句有时可以省略，而省略部分的含义仍有所体现。

　　1)省略条件从句，如：

　　It would be very nice.

　　You could have done it yourself. (省略If you had wanted to.上下文可以看出You didn’t want to.) (Fact: You didn’t do the work yourself because you didn’t want to.)

　　I wouldn’t smoke. (省略If I were you.) (表面上说我，实际上说你。这是一种委婉的表达法。(Fact: You smoke very often. I advise you not to smoke any more.)

　　2)省略主句：在强调条件从句时，常省略主句，这种句子常表示一种“已不能实现”的愿望，主要用于If only 引导的感叹句中。

　　For example:

　　If only he were here!

　　If only I knew more!

　　If only he had stayed with us!

　　Now let’s do some translation:

　　要是我听了他的建议就好了!

　　If only I had taken his advice!

　　我如果是一只鸟就好了!

　　If only I were a bird.

　　快用If only 造三个句子，表达你的愿望!

　　If only I could live in a big apartment!

　　If only I were a billionaire!

　　If only I could marry her/him!

　　(二)虚拟语气的其他句型和用法

　　1、用在“wish+宾语从句”中，表示很难实现或不能实现的愿望，可以翻译为“但愿…”, “悔不该…”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来的愿望，从句的谓语动词用“would (could)+动词原形”;对过去的事情表示愿望，从句的谓语动词用 “had+过去分词” 或“could + have + 过去分词”。Wish 后面的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气，不管这个愿望是否能实现。如：

　　I wish it were Spring all the year round.

　　I wish you could go with us.

　　We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.

　　Now let’s do some translation using “wish”:

　　我要是Jane 就好了。

　　I wish I were Jane.

　　他真希望自己生活在中世纪。

　　He really wishes that he were living in the Middle Ages.

　　但愿北京整年是秋天。