四六级考试网

　　29)Everyone expects that he will win.

　　It is expected that he will win.

　　He is expected to win.

　　30)Did you finish your composition in class?

　　Was your composition finished in class?

　　31)Do you wash your clothes very often?

　　Are your clothes washed very often?

　　32)Have they paid you the money?

　　Have you been paid the money?

　　Has the money been paid to you?

　　33)Mr. Wang gave us an English lesson.

　　We were given an English lesson by Mr. Wang.

　　An English lesson was given to us by Mr. Wang.

　　34)He told his brother the news.

　　His brother was told the news.

　　2、将下列句子变成主动语态：

　　1)What were you told to do?

　　What did they tell you to do?

　　2)They were made to learn the poem by heart.

　　The professor made them learn the poem by heart.

　　3)The house was being cleaned while the dinner was being cooked.

　　He was cleaning the house while she was cooking the dinner.

　　4)It must have been done by an artist.

　　An artist must have done it.

　　5)The business has been taken over by his competitors.

　　His competitors have taken over the business.

　　6)Such customs should be done away with.

　　We should do away with such customs.

　　7)Why haven’t the letters been written?

　　Why haven’t you written the letters?

　　8)It must be done at once.

　　You must do it at once.

　　9)I ought to have been told sooner.

　　You ought to have told me sooner.

　　10)I wasn’t told that he had been dismissed.

　　They didn’t tell me that they had dismissed him.

　　9)I cannot find my dictionary. Someone has taken it.

　　My dictionary cannot be found. It has been taken by someone.

　　10)She cannot find her bag. Someone must have taken it.

　　Her bag cannot be found. It must have been taken by someone.

　　11)The pupils asked the teacher to tell a story.

　　The teacher was asked by the pupils to tell a story.

　　12)The Association asked Mr. Green to make a speech.

　　Mr. Green was asked by the Association to make a speech.

　　13)The government is sending him abroad.

　　He is being sent abroad by the government.

　　14)He told me to wait here for him.

　　I was told to wait here for him.

　　15)Mr. Hopkins has found his wallet.

　　Mr. Hopkins’ wallet has been found.

　　16)The workers themselves invented the new machine.

　　The new machine was invented by the workers themselves.

　　17)They set up this hospital in 1950.

　　This hospital was set up in 1950.

　　18)Tom broke the window.

　　The window was broken by Tom.

　　19)Did you write the letter?

　　Was the letter written by you?

　　20)They do not make this kind of watches in Beijing.

　　This kind of watches are not made in Beijing.

　　21)People call him Little Old Man.

　　He is called Little Old Man.

　　22)John answered all the questions.

　　All the questions were answered by John.

　　23)The farmer was ploughing the field.

　　The field was being ploughed by the farmer.

　　24)People speak English in almost all the countries of the world.

　　English is spoken in almost all the countries of the world.

　　25)The wind blew the clouds away.

　　The clouds were blown away by the wind.

　　26)We shall paint the room.

　　The room will be painted.

　　27)Must I do all the exercises on my own?

　　Must all the exercises be done?

　　28)I am going to ring Tom up.

　　Tom is going to be rung up.

　　2、make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：

　　They made him go. 他们让他去。

　　He was made to go. 他被要求去了。

　　I heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我听见他向他的朋友说再见。

　　He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 有人听到他向他的朋友说再见。

　　3、除助动词be外，动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态，是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用by短语。例如:

　　I got lost in the huge market. 在那个巨大的市场中我迷失了方向。

　　You might get killed/hurt. 你会送命/受伤的。

　　In the end this story got translated into English. 这故事最后被译成了英文。

　　His car got damaged in a road accident. ?他的车在交通事故中被毁了。

　　4、“have/get+宾语+过去分词”这个句型也表达了一种被动的意思。如：

　　I’ll have the bike repaired in no time. 我一会就把自行车修好。

　　I had my wallet stolen/lost last Sunday when I was shopping. 上星期天买东西的时候我的钱夹被盗。

　　He got his leg broken when playing football. ?踢足球的时候他把腿弄断了。

　　I bought these books at a discount and had two hundred dollars saved. 我打折买了这些书，省了两百美元。

　　5、在need, want, require后面，主动的-ing形式表达被动的意思：

　　My watch needs cleaning. (=…needs to be cleaned) 我的表需要清洗。

　　Your garden needs watering. (=…to be watered) 你的花园需要浇水。

　　Does your suit require pressing, sir? 先生，您的衣服要烫吗?

　　The car wants servicing. ?这汽车要检修。

　　(九)练习

　　1、将下列句子变成被动语态：[主要步骤是：把原句的宾语变成主语(代词宾格要变成主格);把原句的谓语动词变成被动形式(注意：时态不变，新谓语动词与新主语要一致，疑问句要注意助动词的转换)。复合句中如有可能主句和从句都要变成被动语态。]

　　1)He gave me a present.

　　I was given a present by him.

　　2)My sister made the soup.

　　The soup was made by my sister.

　　3)The workers could not find the manager anywhere in the factory.

　　The manager could not be found anywhere in the factory by the workers.

　　4)The army engineers and soldiers have built a bridge over the river.

　　A bridge has been built over the river by the army engineers and soldiers.

　　5)The police will surely arrest the thieves.

　　The thieves will surely be arrested by the police.

　　6)My brother will repair my bike for me.

　　My bike will be repaired by my brother.

　　7)You must clean your watch once a year.

　　Your watch must be cleaned once a year.

　　8)I didn’t tell you Xiao Wang could do the job.

　　You were not told (that) the job could be done by Xiao Wang.

　　Though I like the dress, it doesn’t fit me. 尽管我喜欢那件连衣裙，但穿着不合适。(不说Though the dress is liked by me, I’m not fitted by the dress.)

　　We lack manpower at the moment. 我们现在缺少人手。(不说Manpower is lacked by us at the moment.)

　　My computer cost me seven hundred and ninety dollars. 我花了790美元买这台计算机。

　　She resembles her father. 她像她父亲。(不说her father is resembled by her.)

　　3、短语动词中有些用于被动结构，有些不可以。但没有规律可循，只能个别掌握：

　　I was very well looked after when I was working there. 我在那里工作的时候，得到很好的照顾。

　　An overpass is being put up at the corner of the street. 在那条街的拐角处正在建起一个过街天桥。

　　Everybody agreed with me. 大家都同意我的意见。(不能说 I was agreed with by everybody.)

　　I walked into the house. 我走进房子。(不能说The house was walked into.)

　　I broke into the house. 我破门而入那栋房子。(却可以说The house was broken into by me.)

　　4、反身代词和each other, one another作宾语时不能变为被动。例如：

　　They acknowledged themselves to be defeated. 他们承认他们自己被击败了。

　　She praised herself. 她自我表扬。

　　He ruined himself. 他毁了自己。

　　5、下列及物动词有特殊的宾语，也不能变为被动语态：

　　The police officer shouted his loudest to stop the car. 警官用最大的声音喊叫，想叫住那辆车。

　　The famous actress breathed her last. 那位着名的女影星咽气了。

　　She nodded her approval. 她点头同意。

　　I smiled my thanks. 我微笑致谢。

　　He wishes to be somebody. 他想成个人物。

　　He enjoys taking pictures. 他喜欢摄影。

　　Keep silence, please. 请保持安静。

　　They usually take a walk after supper. 他们通常晚饭后散步。

　　(八)关于被动语态的几点说明 考试大(www．Examda。com)

　　1、有些动词形式上是主动，意义上是被动。例如:

　　School begins in September. 学校九月份开学。

　　The library doesn’t open on Sunday. 图书馆星期天不开放。

　　The machine runs well. 这台机器容易操作。

　　My pen writes well. 我的钢笔好使。

　　The cloth washes well. 这料子耐洗。

　　The dictionary sells well. 这词典销路很好。

　　The book hardly sells. 这书买不出去。

　　The door will not shut/lock. 门关/锁不上。

　　Am I to blame? 我该受责备吗?

　　The house is to let. 房子要出租。

　　The story is interesting to read. 这故事读起来很有趣。

　　The film is worth seeing. 这片子值得一看。

　　Your shirt needs washing. 你的衬衫该洗了。

　　It is announced that……. 据宣布

　　it is (well) known that……. 众所周知

　　It has been decided that……. 已经决定

　　It is supposed that……. 人们认为

　　It is suggested that……. 有人建议

　　It must be remembered that……. 务必记住

　　It is taken for granted that……. 被视为当然

　　(五)主动句变被动句的注意事项

　　一是时态不能改变;二是变为被动语态后，谓语动词要和被动语态的主语在人称、数上保持一致。还要作如下变动：把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语;主动语态的主语放在by的后面，组成介词短语，再把这个介词短语放在被动语态的谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时，by短语可以省略。例如：

　　They will open a new supermarket there soon. 他们很快将在那里开办个新超市。

　　A new supermarket will be opened there soon. 一个新超市不久将在那里开办。

　　The doctor gave two lectures in English. 那位医生用英语讲了两次课。

　　Two lectures were given by the doctor in English. 由那位医生用英语讲了两次课。

　　Somebody has warned us to be careful of rats. 有人警告我们要当心老鼠。

　　We have been warned to be careful of rats. 我们受到警告，要当心老鼠。

　　如果主动语态有两个宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)，变为被动语态时，可将其中任何一个宾语变为主语，另一个不变。但较常见的是将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语。

　　The reporters asked the president some questions. 记者们问了总统一些问题。

　　The president was asked some questions by the reporters. ( 变间接宾语为主语)

　　Some questions were asked the president by the reporters. (变直接宾语为主语)

　　We have given him a job. 我们已给了他一个工作。

　　He has been given a job. (变间接宾语为主语)

　　A job has been given (to) him. (变直接宾语为主语)

　　(六)含有情态动词的被动语态

　　句中含有情态动词时，其被动语态的结构是：情态动词+be+过去分词：

　　The timetable can be changed any time. 时间表随时可以改变。

　　This book may not be taken out of the reading room. 这本书不允许带出阅览室。

　　This dictionary must be taken good care of. 这本词典必须保管好。

　　(七)不能用于被动语态的动词

　　1、不及物动词不能用于被动语态，因为它们没有宾语。

　　2、表示状态而不是动作的及物动词，如 break out, belong to, cost, deserve, fit, have ( 有、使)，hold (盛下、装下)，lack, resemble, suit, take part in, take place, want, wish等动词不能变为被动语态。例如：

　　Everybody wanted Doris to be the manager. 大家都想让多里斯来当经理.

　　We like everybody to say what they think. 我们喜欢让人人都说出他们的看法。

　　Do you wish me to stay? 你希望我留下吗?

　　Will you help me (to) do the work? 你可以帮助我做干活吗?

　　The war broke out in 1937. 战争爆发在1937年。

　　This car belongs to me. 这车是属于我的。

　　He has a good job. 他有个好工作。(不说A good job is had by him.)

　　They have a large house. 他们有所大房子。

　　I’ll have him come early. 我要让他早来。

4、would与 used to 的区别 .would 可表示反复发生的动作或某种倾向。used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在。例如：

She used to work into the night. 过去她常工作到深夜。(现在不了)

She would work into the might. 以前她常工作到深夜。(不表示现在不了)

People used to think that the sun went round the earth. 以前人们总认为太阳是围绕地球转的。(现在不这样认为了)

I used to smoke quite a lot, but I have given it up. 我过去抽烟很凶，现在戒了。

情态动词的重点和难点是：情态动词之间的区别;表示“推测”的表达方式;以及“情态动词+have+过去分词”的含义。

五、被动语态

(一)简介 来源:考试大网

在英语中，语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态(active voice) 表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态(passive voice)表示主语是动作的承受者。如：

Saddam is being tried. 萨达姆正在接受审判。

The Iraqi government is trying Saddam. 伊拉克政府正在审判萨达姆。

More and more people use computers now.(主动语态)

Computers are more and more widely used now.(被动语态)

English is spoken all over the world. (被动语态)

(二)英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异

汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了，用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示，如“被捕”、“被杀”、“受到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂，用“助动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变化，而这正是英语被动语态的难点。

(三)被动语态的构成

被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词，因为不及物动词不能带宾语，也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态;被动语态常用的有8个，以give为例说明如下：

被动语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号;否定式是在第一个助动词后加not或never等其他否定词、句末用句号。如：

　　“During the interview, were you asked questions in English?” “No, I wasn’t asked questions in English.” “面试的时候，用英语问你问题了吗?”“没有，没有用英语问我问题。”

　　The origin of the universe will probably never be explained. 宇宙的起源大概永远也不会被解释清楚。

　　Is the restaurant being decorated? 那家餐馆正在装修吗?

　　The restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the restaurant has never been decorated。 那家餐馆没有在装修。实际上，那家餐馆从来没有装修过。

　　(四)被动语态的用法 来源：考试大

　　1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法，有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的，这时就用被动语态。例如：

　　I felt a littlie nervous when I was being interviewed. 我接受面试的时候，有点紧张。

　　These fighters are imported from Russia. 这些战斗机是从俄国进口的。

　　That place has been turned into a swimming pool. 那个地方已被变成游泳池。

　　2、说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常用被动语态

　　He’s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 据说/据信/据报道他在美国。

　　还有下列常用句型(that后面跟句子)：

　　It is said that……. 据说

　　It is reported that……. 据报道

　　It is hoped that……. 希望

　　It is believed that……. 人们相信

　　2、must与 have to的比较。 Must 强调主观意志，也就是说，必要性来自说话者的主观意志。 have to 强调客观因素。例如：

　　He must stop smoking. 他必须戒烟。(说话人认为他必须)

　　This is an awful film. ?We really must go. 这部电影糟透了-我们一定要离开这里。(说话人认为必须)

　　You have to go and see the boss. 你一定得去见见老板。(客观因素)

　　Catholics have to go to church on Sundays. 天主教徒星期天必须去做礼拜。(客观因素，如教规等 )

　　注意：must not表示“绝对不可”; don’t have to(或 haven’t got to )表示“不必，没必要”，两者意思极为不同。英国英语中常用needn’t来代替 haven’t got to 或don’t have to,如：

　　You mustn’t tell Jenny. =Don’t tell Jenny. 你一定不要告诉珍妮。

　　You don’t have to tell Jenny. =You can if you like but it isn’t necessary. 你不必非要告诉珍妮。

　　3、need 作为情态动词与行为动词的区别。作为情态动词，need 无过去式和将来时，故用had to, will have to替代，主要用在否定句、疑问句、条件句中，意思是“有必要”。例如：

　　He need not come at once. 他不必马上就来。

　　If you need go there, please tell me now. 如果你需要去那儿，请告诉我。

　　Need he come at once? 他必须马上回来吗?

　　(回答要用must, have to, ought to, should等。例如：Need he come at once? Yes, he must/ought to /should/has to. No, he needn’t /doesn’t have to /mustn’t.)needn’t have done表示“本来不必做某事而实际上已经做了”。例如：

　　We needn’t have waited for him. 我们本来不必等他的。(实际上已等他了)

　　用作实义动词时，need可用于肯定句、 否定句和疑问句，是“需要”之意。如：

　　You need to wash your hands. 你需要洗手。

　　Does he need to take the medicine four times a day? 他需要每日服药四次吗?

　　We didn’t need to see him at all. 我们根本不必要看他(实际上也没去看他，请比较needn’t have done的用法)

　　need做实义动词时，后面的宾语如果是动名词，用主动形式表示被动意义，如果是不定式的被动形式，来表示被动意义。类似need的这种用法，还有require, want等。例如：

　　The dinning room needs cleaning every day. =The dinning room needs to be cleaned every day. 食堂需要天天打扫。

　　My shoes need repairing. = My shoes need to be repaired. 我的鞋需要修理。

　　I don’t see how I could have done otherwise. 我看不出我当时还有别的做法。

　　Who could have supposed you were going to do such a thing? 谁会想到你会做出这样的事情。

　　Nobody could have foreseen such a calamity. 这样的灾祸谁也不会预想到。

　　(2)could have done(但不是can)在肯定句中，表示“那时本来可以…;差点就要…”，有时用来进行婉转地批评(与might同意，但语气更强一些)：

　　We could have solved the problem in a more reasonable fashion. 这个问题我们本来是可以更合理得解决的。

　　He could have told her, but he did not choose to. 他本来可以告诉她的，但他不愿这样做。

　　When she heard the news, she could have cried. 听了这消息，她简直要哭出来了。

　　I could have died laughing. 我简直要笑死了。

　　You could have been more considerate. 你其实可以想的更周到一些。

　　We could have started a little earlier. 我们其实可以更早一些动身的。

　　The result could have been better. 结果本可以更好一些。

　　5、should/ought to have done的含义。 “should/ought to have+过去分词”表示“过去应该做谋事却没有做”;“should not/ought not to have+过去分词”表示“做了不应该做的事”。含有责备或遗憾的意思。例如：

　　You shouldn’t /oughtn’t to have come here alone at such a late hour. 你这么晚的时候本不一该一个人来这里的。(实际是一个人来的)

　　She should/ought to have gone there alone. 她本该一个人去那里的。(实际上不是)

　　You should have come here ten minutes earlier. 你本应该早10分钟来才是。

　　The boy shouldn’t have been playing the piano. 那孩子不应该一直在弹钢琴。

　　6、might, may, must表示推测时的区别: may，might, must可表示 推 测“可能”.根据表示可能性的大小，我们把这三个词排列为：might

　　It might rain tomorrow. (将来)明天可能下雨。

　　They might be watching TV now. (现在)他们可能正在看电视。

　　Jane might have visited the Summer Palace last year. (过去)去年珍妮可能去过颐和园。

　　He may have something important to do. (现在)他可能有更重要的事要做。

　　They may have been to Shanghai last summer. (过去)去年夏天他们可能去过上海。

　　There must be something wrong with him. (现在)他肯定出问题了。

　　He must have made a mistake. (过去)他一定是犯了个错误。

　　第四部分 几个用法的区别 来源：考试大

　　1、 can 和be able to的区别。can在表示“能力”时与be able to同义。但是can的时态形式不如be able to多。在一般将来时和现在完成时中只能用be able to。如：

　　She will be able to dance in a week. 她再过一星期就会跳舞了。

　　Nobody has ever been able to do it. 从来没有人能够做这事。

　　在过去时中，could表示具备某种能力，但不一定做事;而was able to表示努力设法去做谋事，成功后说明有能力，相当managed to do或succeeded in doing。这时，could和was able to是不能互换的。例如： 来源:考试大网

　　When he was a boy, he could swim across the river in fifteen minutes. 他小时侯，15分钟就能游过那河。(could表示能力，但不一定这么做)

　　He was able to swim across the river in fifteen minutes last week.

　　=He managed to swim across the river in fifteen minutes last week.

　　=He succeeded in swimming across the river in fifteen minutes last week.

　　上周他15分钟就游过了那河。(was able to表示真这样做了，而且成功了。这里不能用could)

　　I should go slowly here. It’s a built-up area. 这里我应该慢点儿走。这个地区建筑物多。

　　2. 表示推测和可能性，是“应该”之意。 表示对现在和将来的推测。

　　You ought not to/shouldn’t be sleeping now. It’s already eight o’clock. 你不该还在睡觉，都已经八点了。

　　This pen ought to /should be yours. 这支笔应该是你的。

　　If the train is up to time, John should/ought to be here any minute now. 如果火车晚点的话，JOHN现在马上就应该到了。

　　3、“should/ought to have+过去分词”表示对过去的推测，意 思 是“应该已经”。有时表示“应该做而没有做”，是“本应该”的意思;“should not/ought not to have+过去分词”表示“做了不应该做的事情”，是“本不该”的意思，因而它们都含有责备的语气：

　　He began two hours ago. He ought to have finished filling in the forms now. 两个钟头前他就开始了，现在应该填完那些表格了。

　　One should have been asleep and the other on watch. 本应该一个睡觉，另一个站岗。.

　　You should not have asked him for help. 你本不应该向他求助。

　　4、表示讲话人惊奇，失望，愤怒等感情： 来源：考试大

　　What’s happened to that money? How should I know? 那些钱怎么了?-我怎么知道?

　　It’s strange that he should have lost his temper for such trivial things as that. 真奇怪，他竟然为这么小的事情发脾气。

　　Why should I believe you? 我为什么要相信你?

　　第三部分“情态动词+have+ done”的含义

　　1、Must have done的含义。“must have+过去分词”表示对过去的推测，意思是“一定已经，想必已经，准是已经….”，只用于肯定句中。例如：

　　The streets are wet. It must have rained. 街道是湿的，准是下雨了。

　　He must have been drinking beer. 他肯定一直喝啤酒来着。

　　若要表示否定，要用“can’t/couldn’t+ have+过去分词”，意 思 是“不可能”：

　　The money can’t have been lost there. 钱不可能是在那儿丢的。

　　2、 May/might have done 的含义。“may/might have+过去分词”表示对过去的推测，意思是“也许已经┅，可能已经…”。用于肯定或否定句中。疑问句中用can或could. “might(不是may)have+过去分词”也表示“本来可以…”的意思，含有责备的口气，用来批评人。例如：

　　He may have gone to bed. 他可能已经上床睡觉了。

　　She might not have settled the problem. 她可能尚未解决那个问题。

　　You might have told me earlier. 你本可以早点告诉我的。(埋怨责备)

　　Don’t do that again. You might have been fired. 别那么干了，会把你解雇的。(责备，警告)

　　You might have succeeded if you had tried. 假如你尝试过，或许已经成功了。(虚拟语气，不满)

　　3、needn’t have done的含义。“needn’t+　have+过去分词”表示“作了不必做或不需要做的事”。　可译成“大可不必”，“本来不需要”。例如：

　　I needn’t have borrowed the money yesterday. 昨天我根本不需要借钱的。(实际上已经借了)

　　You needn’t have come so early. 你不必那么早来嘛。

　　4、can/could have done：用来谈过去的情况

　　(1)在疑问句、否定句中，表示怀疑和不可能，这时它们没有时间上的差别，只是could的语气更弱一些：

　　Who could have taken them? 谁会把它们拿走了呢?

　　Where can he have gone? 他可能到哪儿去了呢?

　　He can’t have taken it home. 他不可能是带回家去了。

　　She couldn’t have left so soon. 她不可能这么快就走了。