英文一向是学生们的弱项,四级测验将近,大师都很担忧题目,在此我先简单先容一下文章的布局题目,今后再谈其他方面。
四级一般以三段式展开,题目要求中凡是包含三个要点,每个要点为一段(记住,必然要分段),第一段提出题目,第二段阐发题目,第三段解决题目。
以积年的为例,2006年12月的题目为Spring Festival Gala on CCTV,要求:1。很多人喜好看春节晚会;2。但有些人提出打消春节晚会;3。我的观点。“喜好看春节晚会”是正常现象,应当作为题目的初步进行简短先容,“有些人提出打消春节晚会”才是重点,必须给出响应的篇幅做具体阐述。最后表白我的不雅点,实在就是问作者的态度及解决这个矛盾的编制。又如2006年6月的题目:An Announcement for a Voluntary Program, 要求:1。校学生会组织一次暑假自愿勾当现招募自愿者;2。本次自愿勾当的目标、内容及放置;3。报名前提和联系编制。这还是三段式的布局,第一段提出题目——告之大师会进行一次暑假自愿勾当,第二段描述题目——先容自愿勾当的相干信息,第三段解决题目——如何插手自愿勾当(报名信息)。往年还考过写简历,写演讲稿,阐述社会现象等题目,老是跳不出三段式,是以学生们必须把握若何写三段式作文。
总的来讲有三点要重视:1。开篇就得点题。文章字数有限,必须采纳开门见山的编制,但开篇点题实在不是说第一段第一句话就得提出题目,在这之前可以有所润色,有导进的成分,但不要太长,一般第三句就得清楚、凸起地把题目点出来。2。中间段阐述必须清楚。中间段是全文的核心部分,要做到阐述清楚,论证充分,要有一致性、连贯性和层次性。一般由主题句和扩大句构成,主题句是不雅点的高度浓缩,应当言简意赅;扩大句是对主题句的具体阐述,应当做到来由充分,内容一致。3。结尾段进行总结,并提出解决题目的编制。最后的总结在不雅点上可以重申但不成以反复,别的结尾必然要有所升华,不克不及仍逗留在对题目的描述上,既然存在题目,就必须想编制解决。
至于若何初步、若何阐述、若何结尾的题目,大师敬请等候下一回吧!当然我不会让大师久等的:)
能力没法一口气进步,大师必须在平常平凡勤修苦练。
大学四级——凸起主题(2007-06-01 15:57:26) 分类:进修
Well begun is a half done,若何开首是值得重视的题目,它能肯定你的文章给人留下的first impression。中国人喜好先讲事理最后给出结论,而西方人习惯先下定义,再渐渐诠释。遵循西方人的思惟编制,我们在写文章开首的时辰就得凸起主题,不借题发挥。
常见的开首的编制大致有下面几种:
1。引述名言谚语
eg: “You have to believe in yourself. That's the secret of success.” Charles Chaplin ever said. In my opinion, self-confidence is the first element on the way to your goal.
As the old saying goes:”Knowledge is power.” The main way for us students to gain knowledge is from the books. So some students argue that we should read extensively…
It is well known to us all that “…”
2. 对比,比较
eg: Some people say …, while others claim that …
Some people believe…, but others argue that…
Old people often feel that…, but for the young, it is ….
3. 提出一个题目
eg: What constitutes enough information for the decision-maker? It's impossible to put a number on it, but…
Should the Spring Festival Gala be cancelled ? Different people have different answers.
Misunderstanding is inevitable in communications. If such misfortuns occurs, what is your response? Here are some tips for you to treat it in a proper way.
4。数据引证(一般用在看图作文中)
eg: As we can see in the charts(柱状图,圆形百分比图),the number of Chinese people who go abroad has increased greatly between 1992 and 2002.
As is clearly shown in the charts, there is an increasing number of people who own a car during the recent three years.
The figures in this graph(曲线图)show us that…
According to the graph, we can find that…
It can be seen from the table(图表,表格)that…
5. 陈述近况
eg: With the rapid development of…, the interview is becoming more and more important in job-hunting.
Because of the development of…, great changes have occured in the educational system of China.
Nowadays mobilphone is very popular with college students.(很受学生欢迎)
In recent years cheating in CET4 still prevails among the college students. (近几年里四级测验舞弊现象在大学生中仍然很遍及。)
It is well-accepted that nowadays dishonesty is a common phenomenon in society. (人们都意想到当今社会中遍及存在不诚笃的现象)
There is a heated debate over private car.
Nowadays private car aroused a lot of controversy.
偏离主题是中的大忌讳,它意味着考生做了30分钟的白工。为了不这个题目我们必然要细心省题,弄清楚考题要求是写群情文、申明文还是记序文,然后肯定文章主题和大致思路。
大学四级——主题句和扩大句(2007-06-05 10:09:26) 分类:进修
在明白了题目要求、肯定立意后,应当按照题意构思出文章的框架布局。此中写好主题句是最关头的步调。
阐述的段落包含多个主题句。主题句(topic sentence)反应段落的中间思惟,表现文章的整体布局,让读者对作者的思路一目了然。要写好主题句必须重视以下几个方面:
1。主题句必须是个完全的句子,与文章大旨紧密密切相干。
2。主题句通常为general sentence,内容明白、具体。
3。主题句内涵要广,便于展开细节阐述。
比如,写一篇阐述计较器的文章,主题思惟是反应计较器能帮忙人们快速解决算术题目,但过度依靠计较器会对人脑有不良影响。那么主题句应当要紧扣计较器的利用利弊这个方面,
eg: Calculators can obveousely benefit us.
However, overusing calculators will also do some harm to us.
若是句子不敷具体明白,段落的主题便恍惚不清,在进一步阐述时会掉往标的目标感。如:To improve English proficiency, one needs to acquire some skills. 这句话中的some skills太泛,读者弄不清事实是哪方面的手艺技能。改成:To improve reading ability, one needs to acquire some reading skills. 如许含义清楚,范围明白,便于细节描述。
而若是句子触及的面太窄,不敷general,没有进一步会商的余地,如许的句子就分歧适作主题句。如:Today more and more women are going out to work. 这句话含义很是清楚,没有进行具体阐述的需要,所以它本身只能是细节句,用来诠释主题句。
主题句肯定后,必须有足够的细节往撑持主题句所提出的不雅点,给出充分、有力的论证。这就是扩大句的任务。扩大句是段落的骨干部分,是对主题句的中间思惟的具体诠释,它的特点是:1。清楚详实;2。层次分明;3。内容一致。如:主题句为:Cellphone is one of the most popular means of communication. 那么接下来的扩大句应当要紧跟这个中情意思,有层次地进行阐述:(扩大句1)People make use of it to make an appointment, take a message for others,discuss a question and so on. (扩大局2)People even use it to have a meeting or give a notice.这两句话都说了然手机的社交功能,并且以递进的挨次摆列,让读者更好地理解主题句的含义,具有说服力。
大学四级——段落的展开(2007-06-05 10:56:54) 分类:进修
主题句与扩大句构成段落,那么文章段落有甚么样的特点呢?
1。段落一致性。
在一个段落就只有一个主题句,就是说一个段落就只能有一个中间思惟,一个核心,段落中所有其他句子都要环绕这个中间展开或展述,一切与主题句没有直接关系的句子都要舍弃掉落。如:However, fake commodities are extremely harmful to consumers as well as to the whole society. First of all, fake commodities may cause losses to consumers. Meanwhile, fake commodities may harm people's health, sometimes even lives. And in the 1998 fatal alcohol poisoning case in Shanxi Province, for example, a peasant produced “alcohol”, dreaming of becoming rich overnight; which, with 27 people killed and about 700 poisoned, caused great sufferings to the victims and shoked the whole country as well. Therefore, it is really high time we took action to crack down on the production and sale of fake commodities. 第一句明显是主题句,厥后作者用了三个扩大句进行申明,每句话都与主题句紧密密切相干,最后的结尾句对整段阐述做了升华。所以这一段落是合适一致性原则的。
2。段落连贯性
一个好段落在具体说话上和内容上要有连贯性,段落中的句子要合适必然的层次和逻辑挨次,句与句之间跟尾要慎密,过度要天然、流利,如许才能反应出一个清楚的思路。如:It is known to us all that modern transportation plays an important role in our life. In the past people used to suffer a great deal if they had to make a long journey or convey some heavy goods, the fact is that the transport means at that time was simple and rare. Today, various vehicles, ships and airplanes have enabled us to go wherever we like to. Not only does modern transportation bring people much convenience, but is also frees people from the hard work of conveyance. What is more important is that modern transportaion has saved much of our time so that we can do more work and learn more knowledge. 第一句话点明主题,然后经由过程古今对比展开阐述,按时候挨次摆列,层次清楚,语句连贯天然。
按逻辑挨次放置细节是使段落连贯的编制之一,常常利用的挨次有四种:时候挨次、空间挨次、演绎法和回纳法。演绎法是先经由过程主题句给出一般的整体的不雅点,然后给出扩大句摆具体的事实,表现了一般到具体的挨次;回纳法是先给具体事实和细节,再概括总结出此中事理、规律,表现了具体到一般的挨次。
使段落连贯的编制之二是利用恰当的连接办段,通常为指关联词的利用。这个题目我下次再详许述。
大学四级——段落的连贯性(2007-06-07 15:43:06) 分类:进修
在肯定好一条条的扩大句后,如何把这些句子流利而连贯地组合在一路呢?这便是关联词阐扬感化的时辰了。在中,句与句之间、段与段之间一般都有连词或关联词连接,经由过程这些词读者可以或许很清楚地大白文章前后的逻辑联系。恰当利用关联词是四级必备的手艺,大师应当要引发出格正视。常常利用的关联词分为四类:
1。列举类
列举法常常利用在群情文中,当作者提出一个论点后,可经由过程列举出一系列事实对其进行申明或论证。列举类关联词有:
first(ly), second(ly),… finally; for one thing, for another; on the one hand, on the other hand; moreover; furthermore; what's more; in addition; besides; first of all; in the first place, in the second place; (at)last; then; next; the last but not the least
2。举例类
举例法是用事例或数据对中间不雅点进行申明论证的编制,举例类关联词有:
for example; for instance; such as; like; take…for example; a case in point; namely; in other words; that is; especially; in particular
3。比较和对比
比较是把两种或两种以上的事物进行比较,以辩白出它们的类似的地方;对比是将这些事物进行对比,辩白其差别而指出各自的特点和本质。这类关联词有:
but; however; yet; otherwise; while; in contrast; by contrast; on the contrary; similarly; likewise; like; conversely; rather than; instead; on the other hand; equally; nevertheless; nonetheless; unlike; still; in the same way; compared with…
4. 因果类
as a result; since; because(of); thanks to; due to; owing to; for this reason; hence; thus; therefore; on this/that account; on account of; consequently
5. 总结类
总结法是指在表达了一个不雅点或举了一个例子后,进行总结、给出概括,这类关联词有:
in this case; according to; in a word; in brief; in short; to sum up
新东方四级全能句型(2007-06-11 18:36:22) 分类:进修
贴一些新东方的四级全能句型,但愿对大师有所帮忙:
1)第一段:
(1)近况申明:“用于文章开首的语句”
1. When asked about…/ When it comes to…/ Faced with… most/many people believe that …, but other people consider it differently/ regard it as…
2. When it comes to …, people's opinions differ. Some hold the opinion that …, while others claim that …
3. There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the role/ view/ idea of …. Some people claim that …, while others believe that ….
4. There is a general discussion today about the problem/ issue of …. Those who criticize … argue that …. They believe that … But people who advocate …, on the other hand, argue that ….
5. Most people are of the opinion that …. But I personally believe that ….
6. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to realize that ….
7. Now, it is generally acknowledged that …, but I doubt whether ….
(2) 图表描述:“用于描述图片或数据的语句”
1. In 1990, it increased/decreased from … to …
2. By comparison with 1998, it decreased/increased by
3. The figure has nearly doubled, compared with/ as against that of last year.
4. It has increased/ decreased almost twice/ six times, compared with …
5. The number is twice/ four times/ half as much as that of 1990.
6. It accounts for/ takes up… percent of the total.(占……的比例)
7. The number wasmore than/ less than …, a half/ third/ quater of the 1990 total.
2)第二段:
(1)启事列举:“用于诠释启事的语句”
1. The phenomenon/change in … mainly result from the fact that …
2. One may regard the phenomenon as a …sign of…/ response to…
3. There are many causes/ reasons for this dramatic growth/decrease. First, … Second, … Finally, …
4. A number of factors can account for the change in …
5. Another contributory factor of … is …
6. Why do people …? For one thing, … for another, …/ One reason is… Another is… Perhaps the primary reason is ….
7. … is also responsible for the rise/ decrease in …
(2)不雅点陈述:“用于比较、驳斥的语句”
I.用于比较的语句
1. The advantages of A outweigh any benefit we gain from B.
2. Good as A is, it has its own disadvantages. For one thing, it …; for another, it ….
3. Although A has enormous/ much/ considerable/ a distinct advantage over B …, it can not compete with B in …
4. A's advantage sounds ridiculous/ means nothing when B's advantages are considered.
II.用于驳斥的语句
1. Although a lot of people believe that …, I doubt/ wonder whether the argument bears much analysis/ close examination
2. As opposed to widely held ideas, I believe/ think/ argue that …
3. Although the popular belief/ idea is that …, (a) current study/ survey indicates that …
4. They may be right about …, but they seem to neglect/ fail to mention/ consider the fact that …
5. Although it is widely accepted that …, it is unlikely to be true that …
6. It is true that …, but this is not to say/ it doesn't mean that …
7. There is/are absolutely no/ in fact every reason(s) for us to believe/ accept/ resist/ reject that …
8. What these people fail to understand/ consider/ mention is that …
9. You/ One may think/ argue/ say that …. It probably will. But …
10. It is one thing to believe that …, but it is quite another to say that …
3)第三段:
结束语:“用于文章结尾的语句”
1. From what has been discussed above/ Taking into account all these features/ Judging from all evidence offered, we may safely draw the conclusion that ….
2. All the evidence supports an unshakable conclusion that ….
3. It is (high) time that we placed great emphasis on ….
4. It is (high) time we put an end to the undesirable phenomenon of ….
5. There is little doubt/ no denying that further attention must be paid to the problem of ….
6. It is necessary that effective actions should be taken to prevent the situation