博士
97年题
A Blind Zone in Childr-Nutrition
This article reveals a mistaken idea in child-raising which deserves correcting. Most parents take it for granted that children should eat more animal foods such as chicken, meat and fish than grain food because the former are far more expensive and the more expensive the food is the more nutritious it is. However, this is, in fact, a mistaken idea which has lead to malnutrition among many city kids. This is indicated in a survey recently made in Shanghai.
What parents don’t know is that carbohydrate in grains, starch and sugar, the main and most inexpensive nutrient for energy supply, is of equal importance in metabolism. The energy it supplies is the main source of calories in human bodies, about 60% of the total amount of calories. If there is a lack of calories provided by carbohydrate, protein and fat will be used up to provide the heat and thus can’t play their original roles in the body. Consequently, it results in a retarded development in the children and even malnutrition.
Apparently, the solution to the problem is to provide kids with a well-balanced food containing protein, carbohydrate and many other nutrients, none of which can be done without.
Writing Drill 4(98 FATMD)
In the past several years, many Chinese college students have come to accept psychological consultation(PC) they used to reject. In 1994, many students didn’t care to think about the consultation while in 1996, over 90% of 2132 students in a survey answered the related questionnaires carefully. PC is now gradually accepted by college students in China. Surveys indicate that 70-80% college students have psychological problems and 20.3% have such obstacles. There have been reports on many severe cases resulting from misunderstanding and lack of PC. In view of this, many universities in Nanjing have set up psychological healthcare service for students. Many students have corrected their misunderstanding about PC and bravely asked the consultants for help, which has greatly helped them overcome their mental obstacles. Even some military cadets have begun to consult experts for advice. Experts point out that prompt consultation can prevent mental problems from developing into obstacles, mental illnesses and even suicide.
University psychological consultation, young as it is, has made remarkable progress and grown into a unique course in universities. Though it contributed to students’ healthy growth, it still has a long way to go to be fully understood and appreciated by both students and faculties.
Writing Drill 5老年健康饮食为先
Aging usually brings about recession in many bodily functions such indigestion, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and other metabolic dysfunctions. However, scientists find that these hypofunctions are actually caused by irrational diets or eating habits. This article discusses this problem and the solution to it. First, balanced diet with more vegetables than animal food is especially good for the old people. Second, less staple food and less salt in food should be suggested for the aged because overconsumption of these two can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Third, more bean food can replace proteins such as eggs and fat as sources of protein. Fourth, light food
should be taken in instead of fat and oily foods which usually contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Fifth, doctors always advise people eat more fruit to regulate their digestion, metabolism and cardiovascular balance.
In a word, a balanced diet, more vegetable food instead of fat food are of the first significance to the health of the aged and a long life.
Writing Drill 6
Recently, more attention has been paid to a behavioral prescription for various and physical diseases. It includes laughter, sports, dancing and even crying. These methods have different functions. Laughter activates over 80 muscles. In laughing, smooth muscles in organs contract and help improve digestion. Crying can give vent to harmful chemicals in the body accumulated by stress. Sports and dancing can relieve chronic illness such as bronchitis, back pain, diabetes, etc. that medication alone can’t do. Many diseases of today are caused by bad mental conditions, work and stress, family problems, etc. Medication doesn’t usually effect in these
cases because it doesn’t treat the cause of the ailments. Behavioral prescription, with its physical and mental massage like sports and dancing, can help patients stay off the cause of their diseases. Therefore, it is advocated by many doctors and health experts. It is expected that behavioral prescription will applied more widely as an effective therapy in the near future.f
Writing Drill 7 Smoking and Health
It is not until recently that smoking has been firmly proved to be hazardous to health. It irritates the throat and respiratory passages. It sometimes leads to poor appetite, nausea, short breath, and irregular heartbeat. More importantly, smoking is associated with chronic and fatal diseases of respiratory tract. Evidence shows that smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop cancer of the lungs, throat, tongue, and jaw,
emphysema and bronchitis as well. As a result, many nations have made enormous efforts to warn people of the dangers of smoking. While smoking, particles of tobacco tar and smoke slow down the work of cilia. The tar collected in the lungs can cause cancer. Moreover, nicotine in tobacco can be simulating by affecting various centers on the medulla oblongata region of the brain. It can affect other physiological process that in turn affect the respiratory center in the brain. It can also influence other centers that slow down the action of the heart, constrict the arteries, and cause vomiting. In brief, smoking does nothing but harm to people’s health. Therefore, smokers of any age or kind should try to give it up.
这篇短文的大旨是申明抽烟对健康风险及造成风险的启事，通读全文，按照其要点可以分为四个部分：1）抽烟有害；2）抽烟有哪些具体的害处；3）为甚么抽烟会有害，亦即其致害机理是甚么；4）总结：抽烟有害要戒烟。
[1] [2] 下一页总之，摘要时切忌“见木不见林”，要表现出层次感，布局要明快，如许可以向阅卷教员表白你的逻辑。
Writing Drill 9 Handwashing and Health
Hospital infection is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality. The risk of transmitting pathogens by the hands of health care workers (HCWs) is increasingly big today. A simple and effective way of prevention is handwashing.But it is found that HCWs don’t always wash their hands before and after patient contacts. Semmelweis, a Viennese doctor in 1847, believed that high puerperal fever rate in some wards was caused by the hands of some medical students. He ordered that all students wash their hands with hlorinated lime before and between all patient contacts. As a result, the rate fell sharply. His methods were used by some other hospitals but his beliefs were ignored largely at that time.In the 1980s, a government health organization recommended that
handwashing be imposed. But it has not been well compiled, even in ICUs,
despite some efforts to improve compliance. The traditional handwashing
practice has not been changed yet.
HCWs have their own excuse for the resistance, such as no time, skin
irritation, etc. Some say they have done it but surveys prove otherwise.
With more multidrug-resistant pathogens on the increase. HCWs have to know
that handwashing means health. HCWs: wash your hands before or between
patient contacts.
本篇短文首要讲了经由过程洗手避免和削减病院获得性传染的题目， 这篇短文总的说来布局比较清楚，总结回纳起来相对轻易，摘要傍边，起首要将摘要分成三个部分，先象一般的论文一样写个引言，先容主题，其次写Semmelweis起首发现了医务工作者不洗手而接触病人会造成传染，而洗手可以削减这类传染及引发的灭亡率，固然他的编制没有获得那时医学界的承认，最后是结论部分，写20世纪80年代，当局健康机构也要求强迫洗手，但履行环境实在不尽如人意。
总之，摘要时切忌“见木不见林”，要表现出层次感，布局要明快，细节援引尽可能地少，如许才可以向阅卷教员表白你的逻辑性强，抓住了要点。
Writing Drill 10 Dangerous Factors in Maturing
On their way to adulthood, adolescens are faced with many dangerous factors. These may include sexual encounters with HIV carriers, violence, mental and sexual abuse, drug abuse, smoking, as well as the negligence from the adults. What can doctors do to make the teenagers’ world a safer place? Perhaps we should first call for attention from the medical profession to the long ignored needs of teenagers. Some critics suggest that adolescent medicine become a medical subspecialty for more and proper attention to teenagers’ needs. Of course, there are some difficulties such as policymakers’ focus on more general practitioners whereas adolescents are poorly served by the medical community.
Adolescents deserve primary care that is attentive to their special needs. The best way is to encourage policymakers to be interested in adolescent medicine. One of the ways for this is to require most medical students and trainees to master the skills needed to treat teenagers.
Writing Drill 14 Psychological Care of Medical Patients
There are more and more physically ill people accompanied by psychiatric
morbidity, which can be physically and mentally harmful if not treated
promptly and properly.
However, there is a lack of psychiatric care of these patients, which has
to be addressed in no time. There are some cost-effective treatments for
psychiatric disorder in physically ill people. But few hospitals arrange
formal services for these patients, which may not be efficient in the
future. Some health service reforms have also affected the formerly
cooperative relationship between psychiatrists and general hospital
doctors. Pressure on beds in both psychiatry and general medicine makes
the already difficult task of caring for patients with coexisting mental
and physical illness harder. Besides, increased consumerism and heightened
awareness of coexistence of mental and physical illness adds to demand for
relevant services.
In view of this situation, some British psychiatrists and physicians
suggested that doctors and nurses learn to identify mental problems in
their patients and offer psychological care and refer for psychiatric
help. In their report, they also provided some relevant knowledge and
approaches to treatment and psychiatric services.
本文的内容按照题目便可不言自了然；得了身体疾病的同时伴随心理疾病的人愈来愈多，但这些人的心理护理亟需要获得科学的医治和护理。摘要中要凸起这类内科病人的心理护理缺医少药的题目，如贫乏正规的医治和医护职员，用度昂贵等，结论断要包含专家就此题目提出的建议和观点。
摘要可以分成三个部分，一是引言段，引出题目；二是正文段，概述题目并加以会商；三是结论段，用专家的建议作为结尾。
总之，摘要时切忌“见木不见林”，要表现出层次感，布局要明快，不要拘泥于细节，如许可以向阅卷教员表白你的逻辑性强，抓住了要点。
