代词作主语时的一致
each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.
Each of us has something to say.
Is everybody ready?
Somebody is using the phone.
Neither of us has gone through regular training.
Has either of them told you?
some, few, both, many 等作复数
some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.
none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念, 但none 在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:
None of the books are easy enough for us
None of us seem to have thought of it.
None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.
None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.
None of this worries me.
all 和most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词 (all of the…, most of the …), 动词用单数.
由and 或 both… and 连接名词词组时, 后用复数; 由not only…but (also), either…or, neither…nor或 or 连接的并列主语, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致
Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.
My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.
Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.
Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.
如果一个句子是由there 或here引导, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致。
There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.
Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.
people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作复数.
Cattle are grazing on the pasture.
The police are looking for him.
有些集体名词有时作单数看待, 有时作复数看待, 主要根据意思来决定.
His family isn’t very large.
His family are all music lovers.
The committee meets twice a month.
The committee are divided in opinion.
The audience was enormous.
The audience were greatly moved at the words.
有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:
This new series is beginning next month.
These new series are beginning next month.
This species is now extinct.
These species are now extinct.
表示时间, 重量, 长度, 价值等的名词, 尽管仍是复数形式, 如果作整体看待, 动词也可用单数形式 (当然用复数动词也是可以的):
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
One hundred li was covered in a single night.
书名, 国家名用单数:
Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.
学科名, 如mathematics, economics用单数.
many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式:
Many a person has had that kind of experience.
More than one person has involved in the case.
a number of 后接复数, the number of后接单数:
A number of books have been published on the subject.
The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.
书名, 国家名用单数:
Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.
学科名, 如mathematics, economics用单数.
many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式:
Many a person has had that kind of experience.
More than one person has involved in the case.
a number of 后接复数, the number of后接单数:
A number of books have been published on the subject.
The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.
one of those 后用单数. 在“one of + 复数名词 +关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：
Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.
当one 之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one 而定，即采用单数形式：
He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.
Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.
当one 之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one 而定，即采用单数形式：
He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.
书名, 国家名用单数:
Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.
学科名, 如mathematics, economics用单数.
many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式:
Many a person has had that kind of experience.
More than one person has involved in the case.
a number of 后接复数, the number of 后接单数:
A number of books have been published on the subject.
The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.
one of those 后用单数. 在“one of + 复数名词 +关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：
Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.
当one 之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one 而定，即采用单数形式：
He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.
Ⅱ 非谓语动词
不定式
形式
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
进行式 to be doing
完成进行式 to have been doing
完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式。
I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).
(比较: I am glad to see you.)
He is said to have written a new book about workers.
He pretended not to have seen me.
进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式。
You are not supposed to be working. You haven't quite recovered yet.
We didn't expect you to be waiting for us here.
He pretended to be listening attentively.
完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.
The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.
We are happy to have been working with you.
被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.
She hated to be flattered.
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
This is bound to be found out.
There are a lot of things to be done.
She was too young to be assigned such work.
功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e).
a. To scold her would not be just.
b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.
c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.
d. Do you have anything to declare?
e. We have come to learn from you.
在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.
There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.
Smith will do anything but work on a farm.
There's no choice but to wait till it stops raining.
连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to.
Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.
出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to.
He decided to write rather than telephone.
The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.
用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.
What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.
All you do now is complete the form
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.
The thing to do now is clear up this mess.
The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.
too…to 结构通常表示否定意义:
She was too young to understand all that.
enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:
She was not old enough to understand all that.
not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:
He's only too pleased to help her.
so…as (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:
Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.
如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:
It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.
It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.
在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:
It's kind of you to think so much of us.
(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.
It's very nice of you to be so considerate.
It's unwise of them to turn down the proposal.
V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)
形式
