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从意群短语方面浅析英语中的停顿

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　　重庆某地，路边一块标牌，写着“人和种猪配种场”。如果知道”人和”是个地名，读来没有问题；不明内情者一不小心读起来可能生出遗传学上或者道学上的困惑——人和种猪-配种？

　　另一件事是说一个算命先生，作出一个推算，即“父在母先亡”，可称得上神算。因为可解读成”父在母先亡（已经）”，“父在母先亡（将来）“父在，母先亡”等，放之四海而皆准。

　　后一件事说明了汉语动词无时态变化的模糊性，两件事都说明了句中正确停顿的重要性。

　　停顿之于英语，同样是关键。

　　很多人读英语，是一字一顿的手枪节奏：哒-哒-哒-哒-哒。

　　自然的阅读，应该是冲锋枪式的的：哒哒－哒-哒哒-哒哒哒哒哒。

　　如果我们上述的标牌读成“人-和-种-猪-配-种-场”，字间均匀用力，不急不徐，可看出此人不懂汉语，至少没读懂这个标牌。

　　英语也是相同的道理：一词一词地读，莫名其妙；一节一节（一个短语一个短语）地读，才是正道。

　　既然有分节，自然就有一个怎么分的问题。

　　“父在母先亡”告诉我们，不同的分法会导致不同的结果，也就是歧义。而对于一般没有歧义的句子，也就只有一种分节的方法。非如此就会误入歧途。

　　举一个简单的例子，说明大家分节中的主要问题。

　　Among the teachers are some stars.

　　主语是谁？

　　有人会说：是teachers；还有人说是some stars；再有人回答更经典：不知道！

　　对此有三点评论。

　　首先，第一种和第三种人显然没有听过老鞋的课，当然也有可能是听了却没有听明白；第二种人听过老鞋的课，当然也可能是自学成才本来就会。

　　第二，错误的原因是以单词为单位，缺乏分节（也就是以短语为单位）的意识。among是一个介词，介词必带宾语，而且介宾一家，从来都是上阵父子兵、不离不弃的，不能单拿出来说事。

　　第三，分节之后，每个单词要有着落，不能多出一些东西无家可归。the teachers做主语了，那单剩一个among又干什么？没有听说过单拿一个介词来做什么成分的吧？这个原则总使我想起小时候的丰功伟绩。那见什么拆什么，拆了还管重装，常常还有意外的收获。比如一个闹钟拆了，再装成一个完整的闹钟，结果还多出了几个零件。这多出的零件没有归属说明什么问题，大家不难想见。

　　故有邪说：

　　以短语为单位正确分节，是阅读的关键，要读成哒哒哒－哒哒－哒哒哒哒，而不是哒－哒－哒－哒。

　　什么构成短语，有章可循，比如今天至少记住“介宾不可分离”。其它技术问题，容后再述。

　　分节后出现两种情况，要怀疑分法有误：一是有些词无家可归；二是得出意思莫名其妙。

　　＊＊以上这个例句，句首介宾一体，而介宾又不具有名词性不可充当主语，所以后面的名词短语才是主语，可知此句为一个倒装句。

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