七、非谓语动词
Hello, everyone. 请看下面的翻译练习：
1、我喜欢做饭。“ I like cooking. ”
本句中，“like”(喜欢)是谓语。“cooking”(做饭)是宾语，用动名词形式。又如：“ He likes cooking. ”在英语中。谓语动词经常随着主语的人称、数而变化，但动名词作宾语时是不变的。
2、对我来说，学英语不容易。“ It’ s not easy for me to learn English.”
3、从太空看，地球是个蓝色的球体。 “Seen from the space, the earth is a blue sphere.”
请比较这些句子的中英文。在这几个汉语句子中，做饭、学英语、从太空看分别作句子的宾语、主语和状语，但是其动词形式“做”、“学”、“看”没有变化。而在这几句英语中，“做饭”变成了cooking, “学”变成了to learn，“看”变成了seen. 动词形式发生了变化，而且必须发生变化，因为这些句子有另外的谓语动词。因此这些动词叫做“非谓语动词”，又叫“非限定性动词”,他们没有人称和数的变化。这是英汉动词的巨大差别，也是中国人学英语的一个难点，同时也是在使用英语时容易犯错误的地方。需要特别注意的是：英语的单句一般只有而且必须有一个主谓结构，即一个谓语，如果单句中出现了另外的动词，这些动词就要改变形式。
以上英语句子中cooking, to learn, seen 等具有动词特征，但是在句子中不能作谓语的动词形式，就叫动词的非谓语形式，也叫非谓语动词。
我们再比较 “I like cooking.” 与 “He likes cooking.”这两句话主语不同，谓语动词like形式变了，但意义没有变化。而cooking 没有任何变化。再看 “It is not easy for me to learn English.” 和 “It is not easy for him to learn English.” “对我”for me, “对他”for him之后的 “to learn”没有任何变化。可以看出，非谓语动词是不随人称和数的变化而变化的，它们不受人称和数的限定，所以又叫“非限定动词”。
动词在句子中除了充当谓语外，还可以起名词、形容词或副词的作用，在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。这就是动词的非谓语形式。当句子中需要用某种动作作主语、宾语或作某种修饰、说明的成分时，就要使用这种形式。
动词的非谓语形式有三种：
(1)动词不定式：to study (to + 动词原形)
(2)分词：studying (现在分词)、studied (过去分词)
(3)动名词：studying (形式与现在分词相同)
动词非谓语形式仍具有动词的一般特征，可以带有宾语、状语等构成短语。
动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化(以write为例)：
|
形态 |
主动 |
被动 |
|
|
动词不定式 |
一般 |
To write |
To be written |
|
进行 |
To be writing |
|
|
|
完成 |
To have written |
To have been written |
|
|
完成进行 |
To have been writing |
|
|
|
现在分词和动名词 |
一般 |
Writing |
Being written |
|
完成 |
Having written |
Having been written |
|
|
一般 |
|
written |
一、 动词不定式
其形式是“to+动词原形”。 to是不定式符号，无词义。其否定式是在to前面加上not, never等否定词。 不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，由for引出，加在不定式短语前面。
如果不定式的逻辑主语是表示不定式动作的承受者，则不定式用被动语态。所谓逻辑主语，就是指非谓语动词等动作的执行者。由于非谓语动词等带有动词的特征，但又不是谓语动词，所以这个动作的执行者就不能称为主语，而在逻辑上又是这个动作的执行者，所以就称为逻辑主语。
如果不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，这个不定式一般要用被动语态。疑问词(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how还包括whether)等后面加不定式构成不定式短语，可做主语，表语，宾语等。
(一)作主语。 在不定式短语作主语的句子中，往往用 it 作形式主语，而不把不定式短语放在句子的后面。如：
To die like that is a terrible thing.=It is a terrible thing to die like that.
象那样死去是一件可怕的事。( it 作形式主语，把真正的主语to die like that放在后面)
To know oneself is difficult.=It’s difficult to know oneself.
有自知之明不容易。
To tell a lie is not always easy.= It’s not always easy to tell a lie.
撒谎并非总是容易。
As I web-site possessor I believe the content material here is rattling excellent , appreciate it for your efforts. You should keep it up forever! Good Luck.
Usually I do not learn post on blogs, but I wish to say that this write-up very compelled me to check out and do it! Your writing taste has been amazed me. Thank you, very nice article.
I’ve been exploring for a little for any high quality articles or blog posts on this sort of area . Exploring in Yahoo I at last stumbled upon this website. Reading this info So i’m happy to convey that I’ve a very good uncanny feeling I discovered just what I needed. I most certainly will make certain to don’t forget this site and give it a glance regularly.
Thanks for the a new challenge you have uncovered in your article. One thing I would like to discuss is that FSBO connections are built after a while. By bringing out yourself to owners the first saturday their FSBO is definitely announced, before the masses begin calling on Wednesday, you create a good relationship. By mailing them tools, educational materials, free reports, and forms, you become a strong ally. By using a personal fascination with them in addition to their situation, you build a solid interconnection that, oftentimes, pays off when the owners opt with an adviser they know as well as trust — preferably you actually.
Quite properly written story. It will likely be valuable to everybody who utilizes it, as effectively as myself. Maintain up the excellent function – i will undoubtedly read more posts.
Im no expert, but I consider you just made a very good point point. You obviously understand what youre speaking about, and I can really get behind that. Thanks for being so upfront and so straightforward.
Wow that was unusual. I just wrote an extremely long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Regardless, just wanted to say wonderful blog!
There are definitely a variety of details like that to take into consideration. That may be a nice point to deliver.
I don’t suppose I’ve never read anything like this before. So nice to see somebody with some authentic ideas on this subject. I really thank you for starting it. This website is one thing that is needed on the net, someone with a bit originality.
I would like to thank you for the efforts you might have put in writing this internet site. I’m hoping the same high-grade internet website post from you within the upcoming also. In fact your creative writing skills has inspired me to get my own site now. Actually the blogging is spreading its wings rapidly. Your write up is a great example of it.
I found so many interesting stuff in your blog especially its discussion. From the tons of comments on your articles, I guess I am not the only one having all the enjoyment here! keep up the good work.
I like your way of blogging. I bookmarked it to my bookmark website list and will be checking back soon.
I am experiencing a challenge with your rss feed . Don’t know why I am not able to subscribe to it. Is there anyone getting an identical rss problem? Anyone who is aware of kindly respond. Thanks
This is the best web blog I have read.
I love what you guys are up too. This sort of clever work and coverage! Keep up the superb works guys I’ve included you guys to my blogroll.
thats shitty that the digital world is being forced upon the universe in a “cant do shit about it” fashion.
Thanks for the great info.
Wonderful weblog here! Also your internet website lots up quite rapidly! What host are you the usage of? Can I am acquiring your affiliate hyperlink for your host? I want my web site loaded up as fast as yours lol.
Everything about home…
Here you can find everything you want about furniture….
Pretty section of content. I just stumbled upon your weblog and in accession capital to assert that I get actually enjoyed account your blog posts. Anyway I will be subscribing to your feeds and even I achievement you access consistently rapidly.
Everything about home…
Here you can find everything you want about fixtures….
I and my guys have been digesting the good pointers from the website and then then got a horrible suspicion I never expressed respect to the website owner for those tips. Those young boys are already consequently warmed to study them and have in effect extremely been using those things. Thanks for actually being so considerate and also for choosing such nice issues millions of individuals are really eager to know about. My honest regret for not expressing gratitude to earlier.
I really relate to that post. Thanks for the info.
We must learn to walk before we can run.
My husband and i got joyful John could finish off his researching via the ideas he gained through your weblog. It’s not at all simplistic to simply choose to be freely giving strategies which often other folks may have been making money from. And we all do know we need you to thank for that. Most of the illustrations you made, the straightforward blog menu, the friendships you can help to instill – it’s mostly astonishing, and it’s really aiding our son in addition to us recognize that that idea is brilliant, which is exceedingly vital. Thanks for all!
*There are some intriguing points in time in this post but I don’t know if I see all of them center to heart. There is some validity but I will take hold opinion until I appear into it further. Good article , thanks and we want more! Added to FeedBurner as nicely
I’m impressed, I should say. Actually rarely can i encounter a blog that’s both educative and entertaining, and let me let you know, you’ve got hit the nail for the head. Your notion is outstanding; the pain is something which you will find not enough every person is speaking intelligently about. We are quite pleased that we stumbled across this during my try to locate some thing concerning this.
taxi from heathrow…
[...]we like to honor quite a few other online web pages on the internet, even when they aren?t linked to us, by linking to them. Below are some webpages really worth checking out[...]…
What is captcha code?, pls provide me captcha code codes or plugin, Thanks in advance. http://www.demo.getlisted.co.nz/marketing-auckland
I just love to read new topics from you blog.`,-’-
I wish to express appreciation to the writer for this wonderful post.
שלום רב רציתי להמליץ לכם על אתר עם מידע בתחום חלון כנף,אלומיניום לבית וחלונות אלומיניום . באתר מידע בליווי תמונות ומגוון דירות לדוגמא העושות שימוש במוצרי האלומיניום הנל.
An attention-grabbing dialogue is worth a comment. I feel that it’s best to write extra on this subject, it might not be a taboo topic but generally individuals are not brave enough to speak on such topics. To the next. Cheers
Comment…
You made some decent points there. I searched on the internet for the problem and located most people will associate with along with your website….
I simply wanted to appreciate you again. I am not sure what I might have achieved without the entire thoughts shown by you relating to such theme. It actually was the alarming matter in my opinion, but taking note of a new expert technique you solved the issue took me to weep over happiness. I am happy for your work and in addition believe you are aware of an amazing job you have been undertaking educating people thru a web site. I’m certain you haven’t come across any of us.
I must express appreciation to the writer for rescuing me from this type of trouble. After looking out through the the web and getting ways which were not pleasant, I thought my life was gone. Existing without the presence of approaches to the problems you have fixed as a result of the short post is a critical case, and ones which could have in a wrong way damaged my entire career if I had not come across your web page. Your primary competence and kindness in touching a lot of things was very helpful. I am not sure what I would’ve done if I hadn’t discovered such a solution like this. I can also now look forward to my future. Thank you very much for this impressive and results-oriented guide. I won’t hesitate to refer your web sites to anybody who should receive guidelines on this area.
An fascinating dialogue is worth a comment. I feel that it is best to write extra on this topic, it might not be a taboo subject however typically people are not brave enough to speak on such topics. To the next. Cheers
of all…
assured access to every kind of computer games ever invented. Apart from the fact that you can access all type of…
Hi, I just found your web site via Bing. Your viewpoint is truly applicable to my life at this moment, and I’m really happy I found your website.
I definitely wanted to jot down a comment to be able to appreciate you for all of the nice tactics you are placing on this site. My time intensive internet search has now been honored with awesome facts and techniques to exchange with my family. I would repeat that many of us readers are rather lucky to dwell in a remarkable site with so many outstanding people with very helpful advice. I feel extremely privileged to have used the site and look forward to really more brilliant times reading here. Thanks a lot once again for a lot of things.
Hey there, You have done a great job. I will definitely digg it and personally suggest to my friends. I am sure they will be benefited from this site.
wp syndicator…
Final month, when i visited your weblog i bought an error on the mysql server of yours.*~,”*…
Thanks a whole lot for being our mentor on this niche. I enjoyed your current write-up extremely much and most of all cherished how you actually handled the aspect I considered to be controversial. You are always quite kind to readers significantly like me and let me in my everyday living. Thank you.
extremely excellent good…this post deserves almost nothing …hahaha merely joking: S …nice write-up: P
That is a great point to bring up. Thanks for the post.
היי, חשבתי להראות לכם אתר בסיווג החלקה יפנית והחלקה ברזילאית.
near and far…
is the content material of what is obtainable online. Whereas the internet has introduced with it several benefits, additionally it is loaded with its…
My spouse and i got quite relieved that Ervin could do his investigations through the precious recommendations he came across in your blog. It’s not at all simplistic to just happen to be giving away strategies which usually people have been making money from. We do understand we’ve got the website owner to give thanks to because of that. The explanations you’ve made, the easy web site navigation, the relationships you will make it possible to promote – it’s most amazing, and it’s facilitating our son in addition to us reason why this matter is awesome, which is certainly truly fundamental. Thank you for all!
I have discovered that smart real estate agents almost everywhere are warming up to FSBO Promotion. They are seeing that it’s in addition to placing a sign post in the front yard. It’s really about building relationships with these vendors who one of these days will become consumers. So, whenever you give your time and efforts to serving these dealers go it alone : the “Law connected with Reciprocity” kicks in. Great blog post.
I enjoy you because of all your efforts on this web page. Kim really loves making time for research and it’s really easy to understand why. We notice all of the lively tactic you produce practical steps through your web site and even attract response from some other people on this matter so my princess is now understanding a great deal. Enjoy the rest of the new year. Your conducting a really good job.