翻译方法
在汉英翻译中,我们经常会遇到数量增加、减少的问题。然而英汉两种语言在倍数增减的表达上存在着很大差异,别说翻译了,就算是拿一篇现成的段落或文章来考考大家的阅读理解能力,也未必所有人都能准确理解文章内容。请读者试着翻译这个句子:
与去年同期相比,今年的出口总量增长了两倍。
译文:The total amount of the export has increased by three times, compared to the same time last year.
分析:该句涉及数量的变化。今年出口总量增加了两倍,是说在去年总量的基础上再增加了两倍。那么,也就是说今年的总量应该已经增长到去年同期的三倍。所以by three times为正解。这题前面讲过的了,加深一下印象。
1)表示陈述某个数量的句型。除最常用的系动词加数词之外,还可以用…go up to…,…as+adj. +as…,…has reached to…,…rise to…等。
例1 快过年了,大白菜的价格已接近3元一斤。
译文:The New Year is coming, and the price of the cabbage goes up to nearly 3 Yuan per kilogram.
2)表示数量比较和增减的句型。表示数量比较和增减的句型很多,大致包括…as…as…,…as…again as…,…数量词+as…as…,…as…as+数量词,…数量词+比较级+than…,比较级+than…by…,…数量词+the size(length,volume)of…,…数量词+that of…,…表增减的动词+by/ to/over/down…数量词。
例2 这种商店的价格是前一种商品的两倍。
译文:The price of this product is twice as much as that of the previous one.
例3 小轿车车速比大货车快一倍。
译文:The car runs as fast again as the truck.
例4:这只桶能装那只桶三倍的水。
译文:This barrel can hold three times as much water as that one.
例5 这家医院的缴费是一般医院的三至五倍。
译文:This hospital charges three to five times that of ordinary ones.
例6 去年该工厂的产量下降到2003年的65%。
译文:The output of that factory last year fell to 65% of the output in 2003.
3)特殊词语表示数量比较和增减。除了上面介绍的表示数量变化的句型之外,还有一些特殊的单词可以直接表示数量增减。这些单词通常用作形容词或动词,在句中充当表语或谓语。这些单词比使用某些句型来得更简洁,也比较容易掌握。
首先是以-ble和-ple结尾的表示倍数的词。这里介绍从”两倍”到”十倍”的英文表达,大家可以从中找出表述规律。
两倍double 三倍treble/ triple 四倍quadruple 五倍quintuple
六倍sextuple 七倍septuple 八倍octuple 九倍nonuple
十倍decuple
有读者或许会问:”一倍”怎么说?如果说A的数量是B的一倍,那不就是A=B吗?即:A equals B。如果说A比B多一倍,也就等于A的数量是B的两倍,就要用double一词了。所以英文里一般不说…as one time as…。但是有half as much again的说法,意为”一倍半”。
另外,英文里有一个很管用的后缀。当你想不起来倍数的表达的时候,不妨在数字后面加上它,准没错!它就是– -fold。当然这个后缀是表示数量的增加。请大家用这些特殊数字表达法来翻译下列句子:
例7 预计下月我的工资会翻两翻。
译文:It’s expected that my salary will triple next month.
例8 自1974年以来,计算机进口量增加了7倍。
译文:The number of computer imports has been septupled since
例9 这个月水费开支是原来的四倍。
译文:The water rate quadrupled this month.
例10 过去五年中,我公司的销售额已增长至四倍。
译文:Sales in our company have increased up to four-fold in the last five years.
例11 我买进这些邮票后他们的价格已经提高了三倍。
译文:The value of these stamps has multiplied three-fold after I bought them.
英语中,尤其是科技英语中,会涉及到大量的数字表达。翻译数字不仅需要一定的翻译技巧,还要具备相关的专业知识,并根据原文的上下文所表达的意思判断,从中探求正确的译法。英语与汉语里数字增减的表述都是有一定规律可循的。但是这样的句型和表达很多,因此考生要对这些句型逐个加以记忆以免错译。学会准确地表达数字,不仅适用于六级翻译新题型,也同样适用于六级作文题。尤其是图表作文对数字的描述要求非常高。
专项训练
1. He is ________________ (他与其说是个学者)as a writer.
2. The parents should also set the kids free _______________ (以便他们自己做选择).
3. Some freshmen _____________(打定主意)to pursue a master’s degree after undergraduate studies.
4. So it is essential for the students _____________(深入社会实践)in order to learn something that they can’t get in class.
5.In order to improve the competence of state-run enterprises,the central government ________________(已经实行了一系列改革),among which is cutting down the staff.
答案及解析
1. not so much a scholar
解析:本句意为:与其说他是个学者不如说是个作家。考查的是”与其……倒不如……”的句型。句中所给部分已有as,所以最好用not so much…as…。如:In many cases,nursing is not so much a job as a way of life.(在许多情况下,护理与其说是是一件工作倒不如说是一种生活方式。)
2. to make their own choices
解析:考查目的状语”以便”的英文表达,正确答案可以是:in order to/to/so as to+动词,也可以用in order/so+that从句。具体要根据字数要求定。
3. make up their minds
解析:本句意为:许多大一新生打定主意要在本科毕业后继续争取硕士学位。”打定主意、决定下来”可选用:make up one’s mind to do,be determined to do,decide to do。题中pursue表示坚持不懈地追求,如:She pursued the study of English for five years.(她持续不断地学了五年英语。)
4. to participate in social practice
解析:本句意为:对学生而言,有必要深入社会实践,从而学到课堂上学不到的东西。”深入”事实上是指学生要参与社会实践,因此确切译法是to participate,”社会实践”可译成social practice或social activity。
5. has implemented a series of reforms
解析:本句意为:为了提高国有企业的竞争力,政府已经实行了一系列改革,其中一项是裁员。这里大家要记住”国有企业”的表达,而”外资企业”应译为 oversea-funded enterprise或foreign-based company。”实行”可选用implement,carry out,由于是”一系列”改革,因此reform要用复数形式。另外”已经”暗示句子应该用完成时态。
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