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大学英语六级(CET6)翻译题举例及解析(5)

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　　第三期说到顺序法和逆序法。其实，在谈到翻译的语序问题时，除了常用的顺序，逆序之外，有时也需要对语序进行变更或调整。这里从定语，状语两方面给大家作一简单总结。

　　翻译语序

　　1) 定语位置的调整

　　汉语的定语，无论是单用还是几个连用，通常都放在所修饰的名词之前。而在英语里，单词作定语时，一般放在所修饰的中心词之前，词组，短语和从句作定语时，则放在所修饰的名词之后。汉语的定语译成英语时，有的可能是单词，有的可能是短语，有的可能是从句。对这些成分的安排，要依据英语的语言习惯来处理。反之亦然。

　　例1 实现我国社会主义现代化是一项我们必须努力完成的任务。

　　译文: The socialist modernization of our country is a task that we must do our utmost to fulfill.

　　汉语中作“现代化”定语的“社会主义”在英语中只需要一个单词socialist 就可以表明，按照英语的习惯，放在所修饰的中心词modernization之前。但是原文中“我国”翻成英语就不是简简单单的一个词了，而是一个介词短语of our country，置于中心词“现代化”之后，成为后置定语。英译时，“任务”的定语“努力完成的”是一个从句that we must do our utmost to fulfil，按照英语习惯，应放在所修饰的中心词task之后。

　　例2 She was very happy to meet the artist who painted the picture.

　　译文: 她很高兴能够遇到那幅画的艺术家。

　　全句的宾语是“艺术家”，英语里修饰the artist的成分在the artist之后，这是英语表达习惯所规定的。但是转换成汉语时，就必须把定语修饰成分提前到中心词“艺术家”之前。

　　2）状语位置的调整

　　汉语中状语习惯于放在主语之后，谓语之前。但有时为了强调也可以放在主语之前。英语中状语的位置要灵活得多。就单词状语而言，它可以位于句首，句中，句末。较长的状语常被置于句首或句末，句中的情况极少。因此，在汉英，英汉互译时，状语位置的变换调整极为复杂。

　　例3上星期五我们在那家新餐馆尽情地吃了一顿。

　　译文：We ate to our hearts content at the new restaurant last Friday.

　　原文中，“上星期五”放在句首，并且在“那家新餐馆”之前，而译文中却将时间状语和地点状语的位置颠倒了过来。这样一来，既准确地表达了原文意思，又符合了英文语序习惯。所以我们可以得出结论：英语里如果句子既有地点状语又有时间状语，一般地点状语在前，时间状语在后。汉语里则往往把它们置于句首或谓语前，而且通常时间状语在地点状语之前。

　　Exercise Five

　　1._______________ （他们没有去游泳），they went to play football that day.

　　2.There is no doubt that _____________ （需求的增长导致了价格的上涨）.

　　3.He cannot win a good reputation，______________ （因为他多嘴多舌）.

　　4.We have reasons to believe that, ______________ （一个更加光明美好的未来等着我们）.

　　5.There are plenty of opportunities for everyone in our society，______________ （但是只有那些做好充分准备并且高度称职的人）can make use of them to achieve purpose.

　　答案：

　　1. Instead of going swimming

　　解析：原文中“没有”并不一定要对应成didn’t，这里我们可以使用instead of，使译文简洁明了，合乎英语习惯。采用正译法，用英语不带否定词的表达来代替中文的“没有去”。从本题及Exercise Two中的第二题我们可以得出结论：汉译英时，可以灵活变换句型，充分利用英语的否定或半否定语气的词语或结构，以便使译句符合英语习惯。从另一角度看，后半句英语没有出现表示转折含义的连接词（如but），因此They didn’t go swimming也是不成立的，不符合句法规范。

　　2. the increase in demand resulted in /caused the rise in prices

　　解析：考生要注意分清result from 和result in的区别。result from指be caused by（由……产生），是指原因；result in指cause，lead to（导致……），是指结果。本题还有一个考点就是：做翻译时，应尽量照顾并行结构的前后一致，如：the increase in demand and the rise in prices。

　　3. because he has a loose tongue

　　解析：“多嘴多舌”显然有gossip的意思。因此我们在翻译时应先挖掘其深层含义，再用适当的英文表达出来。答案because he has a loose tongue看起来与原文并不对应，但却形象地讲内涵表达了出来。其他类似的翻译还有：a bitter tongue（刻薄嘴）；a long tongue（快嘴）；a rough tongue（粗鲁话）；a sharp tongue（言语尖刻）；a silver tongue（流利的口才）；a smooth tongue（油嘴滑舌）。

　　4. we would have a better and brighter future

　　解析：本题意为：我们有理由相信，一个更加光明美好的未来等着我们。句子需填入部分特别容易被译成：a better and brighter future waits for us。这是因为受到了中文母语的干扰，思维被中文的语序牵着跑。如果这样译的话就会导致前后半句的主语发生转换，前面是we，后面是the future。这种转换在英文里就会显得非常突兀，不符合英文表达习惯。因此我们可以在汉译英稍作变通，将前后主语统一为“we”。本题还有一点考生要留意的是，是否能分清wait和await的使用区别。两者都表示“等待”，wait是不及物动词，必须后接介词for；await是及物动词，可以后接人。

　　5. but only those who are prepared adequately and qualified highly

　　解析：本句考生特别容易译成：the prepared and the qualified。定冠词the加上形容词可以表示某一类人。the prepared and the qualified就指代“作了准备的人”和“有资格的人”，但遗漏了原文中的“充分”和“高度”。由于原句的修饰部分内容很多，因此不适宜用“the ＋形容词”的结构来指代某一类人。对于这种情况我们可以采用“某一类人＋后置定语”的方法。这样答案就是but only those who are prepared adequately and qualified highly。全句的意思是：在我们的社会里，人人都有许多机遇，但是只有那些作好充分准备并且高度称职的人才能利用机遇达到目的。

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