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2010年6月大学英语四六级考试写作全面解读(1)

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第二章 写作透析——快速写作流程

一﹑审题

审题是命题作文写作过程中必不可少的第一步，一般应当完成两个主要任务：

1. 确定文章的体裁，抓住中心思想，按照各体裁写作原则进行写作。审题时要弄清楚试题对考生的要求，分清是记叙文，说明文，还是议论文。

2. 明确题目给定的题材及写作考查重点。通过审题，明确作文谈论的主要话题是什么—关于饭菜质量的投诉、关于英语考试的利弊、关于家庭轿车带来的麻烦等生活中 的热点话题和校园学习的焦点问题。还要从题目中找出关键词，抻出该题目涵盖了哪几个方面的内容，尤其是侧重点。例如，“How I Finance My College Education”重点应放在“How”和“I”上，侧重写我怎样筹措上大学的费用;再如“The World Is Getting Smaller and Smaller”，“世界变得越来越小”应该是这篇文章的中心，通过“交通和通讯工具的发达”和“人们交往的频繁”来论证“世界变得越来越小”。

二﹑构思列提纲

不同的作文题型中，对列提纲的要求也有所不同。在四六级作文考试中，常见的是给出题目和提纲题型，因此只需作者自己能正确有效地去利用已经给出 的中文提纲。对提纲材料进行加工、补充、扩展。各段落的展开要根据提纲的来龙去脉进行。尤其要注意确定重点，选准扩充点，将较抽象的内容具体化，阐述透 彻。

下面以Global Shortage of Fresh Water(全球淡水紧缺)这篇提纲式作文为例，具体分析该提纲内容是怎样发展、深化的。(1996年6月四级真题)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Global Shortage of Fresh Water. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.人们以为淡水是取之不尽的(提示：雨水、河水、井水……);

2.实际上淡水是非常紧缺的(提示：人口增长、工业用水增加、污染……);

3.我们应该怎么办。

根据提纲要求，可以进行如下构思：

第一段应解释为什么人们认为淡水是取之不尽的。根据提示，我们可以从降雨丰富、河水和井水等水资源充足方面进行解释。

第二段应重点解释导致淡水紧缺的原因，这些原因主要有：人为的浪费、人口增加、工业用水增加、水资源被污染等等。

第三段是本文的重点。阐述如何解决淡水紧缺问题时，切忌只简单地写出“We should take measures to solve the problem.”这样空洞的、表态性的句子，而不提出具体的解决方法。只有提出具体的解决方法，才能使文章显得充实，有说服力。

根据上面的构思，可以列出下列提纲：

Topic: Global Shortage of Fresh Water

Question: What has caused the global shortage of fresh water and how can we solve the problem?

Outline:

I. It is widely assumed that fresh water is inexhaustible.

1. Plenty of rainfall

2. Numerous wells

3. Countless rivers, falls and springs

II. There are three causes for a global shortage of fresh water.

1. Population growth

2. Development of industry & agriculture

3. Water pollution

III. Measures should be taken to solve the problem.

1. Protect water resources from being polluted

2. Save water

3. Recycle water & convert sea water into drinkable water.

或许有人会先给出一个更细的中文提纲，然后考虑如何将其转化为英文提纲，或者边写边考虑如何用英文表达细化了的中文提纲的内容。这样势必占用不 少时间，会降低写作的速度。因此，建议考生构思列提纲时，最好直接用英语列出更细的提纲。这样既可以节约不少宝贵的时间，又可以提高写作的速度。

三﹑提笔写作

拟好了提纲之后，就进入写作阶段。这是一个遣词造句，连句成篇，将不同信息组合排列的过程。写作过程中得到的是些杂乱无序的字、词、句，需要通 过一些过渡手段将其连接成完整的文章。对构思素材的取舍增补，框架结构的调整，段落、语句顺序的排列，并兼顾各种语法现象在初稿的写作过程中，一定要注意 以所拟定的提纲为指导，注意语言表达的正确性和流畅性。

四﹑修改润色

写出来的初稿往往在语法、用词乃至文章的结构上都会有这样那样的问题，需要做一些修改:

1. 应该作语篇结构上的检查。这主要是检查文章的主题是否明确，篇章层次是否明显，段落衔接是否连贯，内容是否切题等。

2. 具体检查每个段落。这一步主要检查段落是否完善，中心是否突出，段内各句是否衔接紧凑等。

3. 作语法上的检查，包括用词是否恰当，标点是否正确，句子结构是否完整，语句是否通顺等。

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